subroutine call in computer architecture

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A. a 16-bit register in the microprocessor that indicate the beginning of the stack Other IBM circuit types used were referred to as: Alloy (some logic, but mostly various non-logic functions, named for the kind of transistors used), CTRL (another type of RTL, but slower than SDTRL), CTDL (a type of diodetransistor logic (DTL)), and DL (another type of RTL, named for the kind of transistor used, "drift" transistors). (4) f ragments of memory words unused in a page [17] Both pseudo-ops resolve to a Branch and Store IAR (BSI) machine instruction that stores the address of the next instruction at its effective address (EA) and branches to EA+1. 3, 188.Fragmentation is C. Design circuits c) physical address When using a count-controlled loop to search through a table, it might be desirable to stop searching as soon as the required item is found. There are three distinct instruction sets for the Burroughs large systems. This concept has profound theoretical implications, but it also permits very fast compiling. (2) is f aster to access than CPU Registers In computer science, a library is a collection of non-volatile resources used by computer programs, often for software development.These may include configuration data, documentation, help data, message templates, pre-written code and subroutines, classes, values or type specifications. The data bits are bits 047 and the tag is in bits 4850. A. d. to decode program instruction B) memory Suppose that a bus has 16 data lines and requires 4 cycles of 250 nsecs each to (B) SIMD Some languages have special constructs for infinite loops, typically by omitting the condition from an indefinite loop. FORTRAN and COBOL were considered weaker languages by some, when it comes to modern software techniques, so a newer, mostly untried language was adopted, ALGOL-60. For example, MIPS registers $4 through $7 have "ABI names" $a0 through $a3, reflecting their use for parameter passing in the standard calling convention. A. 2k registers (D) 20 bits With D registers, access to entities in outer and global environments is just as efficient as local variable access. The D[1] environment is not stored on the current stack because it can be referenced by all processes sharing this code. (C) Half mode A Turing machine is a mathematical model of computation describing an abstract machine that manipulates symbols on a strip of tape according to a table of rules. A. Instruction code B. Micro-operation Although bases other than 8 and 10 were not supported, this made the Model II very practical for applications that needed to manipulate data formatted in octal by other computers (e.g., the IBM7090). c) logical address b. is the easiest language to write programs (D) none of these. A task had no way to corrupt memory in use by another task, because it had no way to develop its address. The calling program is responsible for saving ACC, EXT, X1, and X2. Answer: A, 38. Despite their utility, these constructs have not yet found their way into mainstream programming languages. If the cycle time of the bus was reduced to 125 nsecs and the number of cycles required for transfer stayed the same what would the bandwidth of the bus? Slow execution of the interpreter due to the interpreter nature. Easy to decompose the system based on the definition of the tasks in a top-down refinement manner, Different implementations (with identical interfaces) of the same layer can be used interchangeably. Instead, the two-part address scheme was implemented by the hardware. Floating-point numbers are represented imprecisely due to hardware constraints, so a loop such as. 9s complement B. (5) None of these Answer: B, 106. The time interval between adjacent bits is called the_____. The idea of cache memory is based ______. A. AR (Address Register) B. XR (Index Register) Difference between CALL and JUMP instructions; Simplified Instructional Computer (SIC) Hardware architecture (parallel computing) Subroutine Linkage: Instructions related to subroutines. Naming a loop (like Read_Data in this example) is optional but permits leaving the outer loop of several nested loops. We will be thrilled to have you partner us in preparing & serving food to customers that brings goodness in their lives. The access mechanism was to calculate on the stack the index variable (which therefore had the full integer range potential, not just fourteen bits) and use it as the offset into the array's address space, with bound checking provided by the hardware. The bandwidth of this bus would be 2 Megabytes/sec. This approach is exemplified below by the on error construct from AppleScript: David Watt's 2004 textbook also analyzes exception handling in the framework of sequencers (introduced in this article in the section on early exits from loops). The IBM 1620 was a variable "word" length decimal (BCD) computer with a magnetic-core memory that could hold: The above was in the Model I. Further, only the VALC opcode loaded data: opcodes for ADD, MULT and so forth did no addressing, working entirely on the top elements of the stack. They completed the (codename) CADET prototype in the spring of 1959. The ARM calling convention mandates using a full-descending stack. Sometimes within the body of a loop there is a desire to skip the remainder of the loop body and continue with the next iteration of the loop. Return values. In a program using subroutine call instruction, it is necessary (A) initialise program counter (B) Clear the accumulator (C) Reset the microprocessor Computer Organization and Architecture Multiple Choice Questions and Answers :-151. Answer: A, 122. Answer: D, 81 Which of the following is a main memory To do fully signed addition and subtraction in bases 2 to 4 required detailed understanding of the hardware to create a "folded" addition table that would fake out the complementer and carry logic. (A) One bit The Fortran II compiler offered limited access to this flexibility via a "Source Program Control Card" preceding the fortran source in a fixed format: The * in column one, ff the number of digits for the mantissa of floating-point numbers (allowing 02 to 28), kk the number of digits for fixed-point numbers (allowing 04 to 10) and s is to specify the memory size of the computer to run the code if not the current computer: 2, 4, or 6 for memories of 20,000 or 40,000 or 60,000 digits. Implemented by using component-based technology which makes the system much easier to allow for plug-and-play of new components. The most defining aspect of the B5000 is that it is a stack machine as treated above. (B) A*BCD*+ Another thing about the stack structure is that programs are implicitly recursive. It was the first Answer: D, 83 In Assembly language programming, minimum number of operands required for an instruction is/are (D) Data channel Today refined oil is marketed under real grain names such as sunflower oil, corn oil, soybean oil, while in reality these packed oils are being mixed with unhealthy palm oils, chemicals & preservatives, causing major ailments of the stomach. A. Thus the operation would roll around memory (even overwriting itself) filling it with all zeroes until the operator grew tired of watching the roiling of the indicator lights and pressed the Instant Stop - Single Cycle Execute button. (C) Flip Flop Caller saved scratch. Switch statements can allow compiler optimizations, such as lookup tables. [citation needed] For instance, for subroutines and functions it checked that they were invoked with the correct number of parameters, as is normal for ALGOL-style compilers. However, such subroutines do not need to return that value to r14they merely need to load that value into r15, the program counter, to return. (A) 111100. What is the control units function in the CPU? (B) Two-address Instruction. As you can see, this is quite inefficient just to access a variable. Pesticides are used to grow food products, which are then packed with preservatives and chemicals for a boosted shelf life, all resulting in chronic diseases Desi ghee produced from cow milk has medicinal value and offers several health benefits. Most computer resources are managed by the CU. b. which is assigned to one and only one task Q n (D) All of these (1) has greater capacity than RAM The normal invocation invokes a procedure in the normal way any language invokes a routine, by suspending the calling routine until the invoked procedure returns. A) Symbolic microinstruction B) binary microinstruction Two passes. Stack performance was considered to be slow compared to register-based architectures, for example, such an architecture had been considered and rejected for the System/360. (D) OUT (D) Address A collection of lines that connects several devices is called .. (C) 1s complement Other differences include how process switching and I/O were handled, and maintenance and cold-starting functionality. (C) (11001) 2 60,000 decimal digits (basic memory plus IBM 1623 Storage Unit, Model 2). A document or standard that describes how to build or use such a connection or interface is called an API specification.A computer system that meets this standard is said to dgesv_ from a C or C++ program, but I did not explain what the dgesv meant as well as its arguments. Answer: B, 18. Reader Off/Reader On This rocker turned the reader mechanism off or on. A. the time its takes for the platter to make a full rotation Zahn, C. T. "A control statement for natural top-down structured programming" presented at Symposium on Programming Languages, Paris, 1974. D. Counters to keep track of the latest data structures referred. (D) K3 registers Counters which indicate how long ago their associated pages have been B. A deeply nested procedure (thus at a high lexical level) would have fewer bits available to identify entities: for level sixteen upwards five bits would be needed to specify the choice of levels 031 thus leaving nine bits to identify no more than the first 512 entities of any lexical level. Answer: A, 8. Stop reader Pressing this key with the reader active, stopped the reader. (B) state diagram. In these examples, if N < 1 then the body of loop may execute once (with I having value 1) or not at all, depending on the programming language. The caller passes the address of a list of argument addresses in register 1. This variability must be considered when combining modules written in multiple languages, or when calling operating system or library APIs from a language other than the one in which they are written; in these cases, special care must be taken to coordinate the calling conventions used by caller and callee. (D) Register In Object Pascal, D, Java, C#, and Python a finally clause can be added to the try construct. Answer: B, 141. [citation needed] John McCarthy, the language designer of LISP disagreed, since LISP was based on modifiable code[citation needed], he did not like the unmodifiable code of the B5000[citation needed], but most LISP implementations would run in an interpretive environment anyway. SIMD represents an organization that ______________. Each stack frame corresponds to a lexical level in the current execution environment. Around 1990, these systems migrated to MIPS RISC architecture but continued to support execution of stack machine binaries by object code translation or direct emulation. In structured programming, the ordered sequencing of successive commands is considered one of the basic control structures, which is used as a building block for programs alongside iteration, recursion and choice. Reel-Strip switch This switch selects whether Reels or Strips of paper tape are used. and certainly not to a location holding machine code. For Store operators (CID, CND, ISD, ISN, STD, STN), the A register (top of stack) contains an absolute address if the Flag bit is set and a relative address if the Flag bit is off. Answer: A, 76 An interface that provides I/O transfer of data directly to and form the memory unit and peripheral is termed as Main-subroutine; Master-slave; Virtual machine; Main-subroutine. (A) Branch and store accumulator Answer: B, 98 A stack organized computer has There are two ways by which data is passed as parameters to subroutines, namely . Ans (C) access time A collection of IBM1620 related manuals in PDF format exists at bitsavers.[13]. Main memory (A) relative address mode. Other than typing machine code at the console, a program could be loaded via either the paper tape reader, the card reader, or any disk drive. One of the developers says that this stood for "Computer with ADvanced Economic Technology", however others recall it as simply being one half of "SPACE - CADET", where SPACE was the internal code name of the IBM 1401 machine, also then under development. (A) 9s complement Write Through technique is used in which memory for updating the data _____. For some central processing units (CPUs), the only control flow instructions available are conditional or unconditional branch instructions, also termed jumps. This meant transmit field immediate (the 16: two-digit op-codes) to address 00010 the immediate constant field having the value 00000 (five-digit operand fields, the second being from address 11 back to 7), decrementing source and destination addresses until such time as a digit with a "flag" was copied. The address of the called routine is in register 15. Code words were given tag 3. Function routines returned the result in ACC for real arguments, or in a memory location referred to as the Real Number Pseudo-Accumulator (FAC). 3.1.1.13 Local variables in subroutines. A. more than one processor in the system If the test is at the start, the body may be skipped completely; if it is at the end, the body is always executed at least once. This runs a procedure as an independent task which can continue on after the originating process terminates. Values are monitored within the loop and a change diverts program flow to the handling of the group event associated with them. (B) represents organization of single computer containing a control unit, processor unit and a memory unit. Answer: D, 41. n bits in operation code imply that there are ___________ possible distinct operators, 42. (B) System mode C. two input are low D. all input are high Though NEWP probably just meant "New Programming language", legends surround the name. (A) n TQD = C. PC (Program Counter) D. AC (Accumulator) These are registers that point to the start of each called stack frame. All the languages mentioned above define standard exceptions and the circumstances under which they are thrown. (A) 3k registers Users can throw exceptions of their own; in fact C++ allows users to throw and catch almost any type, including basic types like int, whereas other languages like Java aren't as permissive. There was no need to do SYSGENs on Burroughs systems as with competing systems in order to preconfigure memory partitions in which to run tasks. This gives B5000 machines a great performance advantage in a server since you don't need to start up another user process and thus create a new stack each time a user attaches to the system. This EVENT mechanism is a basic enabler for multiprocessing in addition to multitasking. Answer: C, 142. C) Both a and b D) internal wires A. on the property of locality of reference a) logical address The first machines to replace the B5000 architecture were the B6500 and B7500. r0 to r3: Argument values passed to a subroutine and results returned from a subroutine. (D) Word address Sodium Benzoate is a salt derived from Benzoic Acid, used as a preservative in a variety of foods, beverages, condiments and cosmetics. Serves as temporary registers. The Hewlett-Packard designers of the HP 3000 business system had used a B5500 and were greatly impressed by its hardware and software; they aimed to build a 16-bit minicomputer with similar software. (A) 1s complement method C Startup, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calling_convention&oldid=1120063333, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from October 2014, All articles needing additional references, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2016, Articles needing additional references from May 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The 8086 (also called iAPX 86) is a 16-bit microprocessor chip designed by Intel between early 1976 and June 8, 1978, when it was released. In a program using subroutine call instruction, it is necessary______. Ans A, 176. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Engineering interview questions,Mcqs,Objective Questions,Class Lecture Notes,Seminor topics,Lab Viva Pdf PPT Doc Book free download. Level E; introduction of Floating Point option. Haskell has do-expressions and comprehensions, which together provide similar function to for-expressions in Scala. Thus the B5000 was based on a very powerful language. Ans: True. d) disk buffer Bit 48 was the read-only bit, thus odd tags indicated control words that could not be written by a user-level program. Dummy arguments are created for arguments which are constants or which do not agree with the type of argument the called procedure expects. 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Turn around time D. transfer time Answer: D, 152 database file More abstract functionality in the MSB of mantissa is said to be in _____ are updated automatically procedures. Decimal digits ( basic memory plus IBM 1623 storage unit, processor and! Set to indicate the end of the Burroughs large systems was the normal IRW stores Cpu operation many other calling conventions plus condition indicators, and risc-v registers! Languages, but i did not support BT & BB subroutines in interrupt code program segment forever., 106 execution B. instruction register D. program register Ans D, 126 and how we can use them adjacent The EVENT data type construction can replace several constructions in most cases counting can go downwards instead of the! Size from two decimal digits, no machine larger than 60,000 decimal digits, no larger. Instruction ( a ) I/O devices by many computer scientists, notably unspecified formal parameters racks which referred! 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subroutine call in computer architecture