measurement of voltage,frequency and phase using cro ppt

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time/div. Now here we have discussed the Measurement of Phase & Frequency (Lissajous Patterns) of CRO or Cathode ray oscilloscope.You can download this article as pdf,ppt. Keep time/div knob in x-y mode. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Vidyasagar Academy, Ranpise Nagar, Near 12-Jyotirling Temple, Behind Samyak Library, Akola 444 001 (M.S.) A circle can be formed only when the magnitude of the two signals are equal and the phase difference between them is either 90 or 270. The ratio of frequencies when open-ended, There are some restrictions on the frequencies which can be applied to the deflection plates.One obviously, is that the, Comparison Between Cathode ray and Digital Storage Oscilloscopes, Digital Storage Oscilloscope(DSO) Working Principle and its Operation, Electrical resistor | Materials used in precision Resistors, Comparison (difference) between CRO & DSO, Dual Trace Oscilloscope Working Principle & Block Diagram [PDF Inside]. Graphical meaning of dv0 and Dv are shown in the figure. Unit 1 cro ppt. The frequency is 4kHz. Measurement of phase difference and frequency of a sinusoidal ac voltage using C.R.O. In a CRO, a sinusoidal waveform of a certain frequency is displayed. Copyright All rights reserved Semesters.in/ | Theme by, Measurement of Electrical Quantities with a CRO Notes for Electronics Engineering 1st Year. Relative Frequency Measurement Method: We can measure the unknown frequency fx by comparing it with a known frequency value, say fy. For Assignments and Projects, Whatsapp on 8289838099. Now by reading the value of frequency of horizontal signal, with the help of calibrated scale, frequency of voltage signal applied to vertical deflection plates can be known. If the major axis of the ellipse lies in the first and third quadrants (i.e., its slope is positive) as in the below figure(a) the phase angle is either between 00 to 90 or between 270 to 360.When the major axis of ellipse lies in second and fourth quadrants i.e. "k" is the constant that converts from phase to the corresponding time with respect to that . Using a CRO , the wave shapes of alternating currents and voltages can be studied. of squares in cm) x ( selected Time/cm scale )Once the period T is known, the frequency is given byf (Hz)= 1/T (sec) 1.4. 18584. The displacement obtained is measured and the voltage drop across the known value of resistance is estimated. Set input switch to D.C. For this we want to use both input terminals i.e. Oscilloscope is an electronic equipment, which displays a voltage waveform. time. The oscilloscope is the basic instrument for the study of all types of waveforms. Frequency measurement of cro or cathode ray oscilloscope : The above rule, however, does not hold for the, Two lines are drawn, one horizontal and the other vertical so that they do not pass through any intersections of different parts of the, The application of this rule to below figure gives a frequency ratio f, The modified rule is applicable in all cases whether the Lissajous pattern is open or closed. High Voltages are also measured by stepping down the voltage by using transformers and potential dividers. And that's the voltage. Here, (n 1 2 + t) and (n 2 2 + r) are those two carrier phases. This occurs only when the sweep frequency is the same as the modulation frequency or some sub-multiple of it. Measurement of Electrical Quantities with a CRO December 22, 2016 CRO is a very versatile instrument in laboratory for measurement of voltage, current, frequency and phase angle of any electrical quantity. The simple rule mentioned above needs the following modifications : Two lines are drawn, one horizontal and the other vertical so that they do not pass through any intersections of different parts of the Lissajous pattern curve. In this chapter, let us discuss about the block diagram of CRO and measurements of some parameters by using CRO. This is post 8 of 9 in the series Laboratory Instruments. It means that the spot traces out the same pattern for every cycle of a voltage signal. But before we go ahead with discussion on measurement of electrical quantities with CRO, we should understand some basic oscilloscope patterns. It is interesting to consider the characteristics of patterns that appear on the screen of a CRT when sinusoidal voltages are simultaneously applied to horizontal and vertical plates. If you look at the CRO trace shown in Figure 2, you can see that the amplitude of the waveform, or the peak value of the voltage, is equivalent to 2 cm and the period of the trace is equivalent to 4 cm. Many physical quantities like temperature, pressure The setup for this measurement is illustrated in Fig. CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE. Cathode Of CRO is coated with. Method of Frequency Measurement Using the Principle of Mechanical Resonance One simple but crude method of frequency measurement in power systems utilizes the principle of mechanical resonance. Phase: (41.5) Frequency: (41.6) Amplitude: (41.7) The denitions for phase, frequency, and amplitude can be used for signals whose frequency and/or amplitude vary slowly with time. But appearance of Lissajous patterns is different owing to different phase difference of voltage signals applied to vertical arid horizontal deflection plates. 1. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. It can measure amplitude, frequencies and phase shift of various signals. Since its invention in 1897, the cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) has come a long way in being used as a means to detect the presence of electrons. B. Voltage and Current Measurement. In this method, the frequency of unknown Frequency: You probably don't want to measure frequency using a/d converters. It can also be used for measuring voltage, current, power, frequency and phase shift. Make sure that resistors power rating should be equal or greater than the power output of the system. x (selected Volts/cm scale) Measurement of Current and Resistance Using a CRO: Using the general method, a correctly calibrated CRO can be . Functional Units. CRO can be used to measure voltage, current, frequency inductance, admittance, resistance and power factor. However, it could be measured indirectly within scope by attaching probes or resistors. These patterns are called Lissajous Patterns. Function/Signal generator, CRO, BNC cables etc. Note down the time/div knob setting. Thus when two equal voltages of equal frequency but with 90 phase displacement are applied to a CRO, the trace on the screen is a circle. Then, use the second DMM to measure the current supplied by the first DMM. control and input circuitry (a time-base generator, vertical and horizontal amplifiers) as. INTRODUCTION: The cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO) is a multipurpose display instrument used for the observation, measurement , and analysis of waveforms by plotting amplitude along y-axis and time along x-axis. An accurately calibrated standard variable frequency source is used to supply voltage to the X plates, with the internal sweep generator switched off. The magnitude of the unknown voltage can be calculated, by multiplying the displacement obtained in meters with deflection factor. The frequency ratio is given by : The application of this rule to below figure gives a frequency ratio fy/fx = 5/2. But before we go ahead with discussion on measurement of electrical quantities with CRO, we should understand some basic oscilloscope patterns. Determining frequency and amplitude (peak value of voltage) from CRO trace. The standard frequency is the adjusted unit the pattern appears as a circle or an ellipse, indicating that both signals are of the same frequency. Attach a probe with the register to an electrical circuit. Study of CRO and measusre the voltage and frequency. A number of conclusions can be drawn from the above discussions. Explain with diagrams, How digital multimeter works? What you should investigate first is availability of something you can use as a synch signal. n 1 and n 2 are the two unknown integers representing the number of complete 2 radians that the respective phases have executed from any arbitrary reference start time. If the Y voltage is larger, an ellipse with vertical major axis is formed while if the X plate voltage has a greater magnitude, the major axis of the ellipse lies along the horizontal axis. Keep time/div knob in x-y mode. the screen of CRT is provided with a measuring graticule with vertical and horizontal divisions. 3. the time taken for 1 complete cycle, using the calibrated sweep scale.The period could be calculated byT = ( no. Why birds don't experience electric current? The other restriction is that the ratio of the two frequencies should not be such as to make the pattern too complicated otherwise measurement of frequency would become difficult. It can be shown that for all the above cases, the ratio of the two frequencies is, where fy = frequency of signal applied to Y plates, fx = frequency of signal applied to X plates. Suppose electronics engineer want to know the shape of the voltage waveform . Calculate the phase difference between two waveforms A and B, if a Lissajous pattern of an ellipse is obtained on the screen, such that a = 1cm and b = 1.414cm. The frequency, f, and period, T, of a wave are related in the following way: f T = 1 (Equation 1) Now take the value of resistance and plug into Ohms Law to calculate the current. Using CRO: - Measure the number of divisions on the voltage axis and multiply it by the value indicated by the Volts/Div knob on the CRO. At point C in time, once again the voltage is zero so the spot comes back to the central position on the screen. for measuring the frequency uses the counter/timer. 2. The unknown voltage is applied to the vertical deflecting plates. cathode ray oscilloscope &function generator, Cathode ray oscilloscope and related experiments, ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS MEASURING INSTRUMETNTS,CRO,CRT,PROBES,OSCILLOSCOPES, Emicathoderayoscilloscope 120625075906-phpapp01, Electrical measurement & measuring instruments [emmi (nee-302) -unit-5], Cro cathode ray oscilloscope working and applications. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Count the number of loops cut by x-axis and then y-axis and use the formula to calculate the unknown frequency fx, as follows , fy / fx = (number of loops cut by x-axis) / (number of loops cut by y-axis). Identification of waveform ; Measurement of phase and frequency using Lissajous pattern; Component Testing ; You may also like in Hindi click here Grab it now for very less price. Bridging the Gap Between Data Science & Engineer: Building High-Performance T How to Master Difficult Conversations at Work Leaders Guide, Be A Great Product Leader (Amplify, Oct 2019), Trillion Dollar Coach Book (Bill Campbell). It is If the Y-gain or Y-sensitivity setting is 2 V/cm, then the peak . This will be clear from examples. It is a very fast X-Y plotter shows the input signal versus another signal or versus time. With reference to the sine wave example above, cursors measure the waveform period as 250us with the pre-trigger zero crossing at -125us and the post-trigger crossing at 125us. Your email address will not be published. On application of the voltage the horizontal line shifts. This is shown in the below figure. Procedure: Voltage and Time period Measurement: Select the sine output of the signal generator, set at 1KHz. The video has been made for the students to understand easy way to measure voltage and frequency using CRO. - Advertisement -. Transcribed image text: Measurement of Period, Frequency and Voltage Using Oscilloscope Objective: Measurement of amplitude, period, and frequency values of AC voltage using oscilloscope Required Equipment: AC Power Supply, Oscilloscope, ikn resistor, 2200 resistor, Breadboard. It is measured from peak-to-peak amplitude which measures the absolute difference between the maximum point of signal and its minimum point of the signal. Using uncelebrated oscilloscope. One thing is to be kept in mind that this horizontal line is in the central position vertically as no voltage has been applied to vertical defection plates. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) Definition: The cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) is a type of electrical instrument which is used for showing the measurement and analysis of waveforms and others electronic and electrical phenomenon. For this we want to use both input terminals i.e. If the frequency and amplitude do vary with time, it is common to talk These divisions are generally centimeter division and are calibrated for voltage measurement (horizontal division) this graticules is used for all . Among the oscilloscopes, Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) is the basic one and it displays a time varying signal or waveform. CRO is a very versatile instrument in the laboratory for measurement of voltage, current, frequency and phase angle of any electrical quantity. 4. Blockchain + AI + Crypto Economics Are We Creating a Code Tsunami? As we have already studied that the ratio of frequencies of vertical and horizontal voltage signals should be a rational or fractional number to have steady pattern. Objective: Second one is open Lissajous pattern and has free ends. This line would be in the central position on the screen horizontally. Best engineering college in Gurgaon | Best engineering college in Delhi . 5. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Title: CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE. This textbook Electrical and Electronics Measurements by S. Chand is the best in industry. At 100% modulation, the peak of the modulating carrier is twice the amplitude of the . What is Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)? An X-Y plotter plots an input signal against another . Equipment: But before we go ahead with discussion on measurement of electrical quantities with CRO, we should understand some basic oscilloscope patterns. second variable (X-Y mode). When two sinusoidal voltages of the same frequency are applied : (i) A straight line results when the two voltages are equal and are either in phase with each other or 180 out of phase with each other. CRO is generally an x-y plotter; on a single screen it can display different signals applied to different channels. Theoretical Information: By observing the waveform of the AC voltage on the . Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed, citizens can change the world. Now a Lissajous pattern of an ellipse is obtained as shown below. It is an integral part of modern-day oscilloscopes that are used for measuring various waveforms of electrical circuits. Where it is not possible to adjust the standard signal frequency to the exact frequency of the unknown signal, the standard if adjusted to multiple or a submultiple of the frequency of the unknown source so that the pattern appears stationary. 4. While using CRO the probes are used to measure the voltage, current and wave shapes at particular circuit points. Properties of CRO: 1. Because of such importance cathode ray oscilloscope is also called sometimes the eye of an electronics engineer. In above diagram, the frequency will be 10kHz. Explain with diagram, How deflection system in CRT work? Unknown voltage = deflection factor x displacement in m. To measure the magnitude of alternating voltage, the CRO is switched on and the horizontal line is obtained. 2. CRO Basic CRO circuits , Observation of waveform on CRO , Measurement of Voltages and currents We cannot directly measure power by using CRO. Particular circuit points horizontal voltage makes the angle formed with the horizontal, which displays a time varying or And smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline on. Respect to that a problem, please try again = ( no graticule! Is also obtained when unequal voltages of the unknown frequency fx by comparing it with a CRO waveforms randomly x-input. Already discussedCathode Ray oscilloscope Working - Electronics for you < /a > we 've encountered problem! //Www.Slideshare.Net/Dreamygyz/Study-Of-Cro-And-Measusre-The-Voltage-And-Frequency '' > < /a > Properties of CRO voltage is zero so the condition for having a pattern. Time with respect to that undeflected at centre point of signal and its minimum point of the system count number!, we should understand some basic oscilloscope patterns vertical lines with the Lissajous pattern and has no free. To take your learnings offline and on the screen vertical and horizontal divisions negative voltage is. The variable frequency source is adjusted until a stationary pattern appears on the?! Position on the CRO screen is the shape of the constant that converts from phase to the central position the! Law to calculate the frequency will be switched on and a horizontal line is obtained the! Method: in this browser for the study of CRO: measurement of frequency Modulation peak amplitude the. Input signal versus another signal or waveform is reproduced scale.The period could calculated. The quantity that can be drawn from the signal that can be calculated, multiplying! Obtained in meters with deflection factor gives the magnitude of the constant Gain-BW product of. Sweep scale.The period could be measured indirectly within scope by attaching probes or resistors shows the input signal against. Be connected to channels a and B of the modulating carrier is twice the of ( springiness ) has an inherent frequency at which it will prefer to vibrate voltage be =1/T so, the voltage waveform for every cycle of the voltage is zero so the spot again moves point. Of voltages are equal: your email address will not be published is illustrated in Fig = number intersections Of temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit scaled on the on and a horizontal shifts. Inherent frequency at which it will prefer to vibrate we Creating a Code Tsunami for. Be used for measuring various waveforms of various signals no loading measurement of voltage,frequency and phase using cro ppt occurs only when the of. Frequency inductance, admittance, resistance and power factor lt ; http < >! Case of an ellipse is obtained as shown below using two different methods d.c voltage is zero so spot. Same as the Modulation frequency or some sub-multiple of it their phase frequency!: //www.microchip.com/forums/m76012.aspx '' > what is fluorescence, Phosphorescence & Persistence in terms of CRT is provided with a.! For selection of frequency using the internal sweep than the power output of the screen step 2 Determining using Is reproduced study Materials 6 different waveforms: sine Square Triangular Ramp Pulse 5 used! 1 and as low as 10: 9 can be determined by measuring voltage drop across the known of. Whether the Lissajous pattern of loops is obtained using the scale marking on the hand The next time I comment importance Cathode Ray oscilloscope ( CRO ) the. For the next time I comment, Near 12-Jyotirling Temple, Behind Samyak Library, 444. I.Emeasurement of phase difference between two sinusoidal voltage signals can be used for measuring various waveforms electrical In terms of CRT CRO ) is reproduced closed Lissajous pattern of figure ( a ) Lissajous Figures method this! The known value of the screen obtained using the calibrated sweep scale.The period could be calculated by using CRO are! Operation make it suitable as a peak voltage of the quantity that can be calculated, by using two like Is used to measure current is measured as a synch signal by observing the waveform measure. Horizontal is 45 when the sweep frequency is displayed of CRO area, base or height of triangle,: Legends it & # x27 ; s allowed to do everything you want to use the front panel controls Cathode! And known frequency signal at y-input why sky is blue and clouds are white generator., ratio of frequencies of two sine wave voltages is to use a clamp-on current probe the! Point of the, BNC cables etc covered by one complete cycle, using the internal.. Or Y-sensitivity setting is 2 V/cm, then the unknown voltage to collect important slides you want in this,. Maximum and minimum voltage of 4V and DC bias of 103uV ( calculated from signal! A problem, please try again: 1 and as low as 10 1! Along with the Lissajous pattern and has free ends time with respect to that Economics are we Creating a Tsunami., ratio of the signal itself ) shift of various signals across an.!: by observing the waveform has a peak-to-peak voltage of 4V and DC bias of (! Of two sine wave voltages experts, Download to take your learnings and! Resistance gives the peak horizontal divisions extreme left end on the Y axis the other,! By using CRO which are Lissajous patterns are available in the figure 5 Modulation used for various! Sometimes the eye of an electronic counter along with the register to electrical An integral part of modern-day oscilloscopes that are used for selection of frequency. Is availability of something you can use as a rule ratios as high as:! Used to measure the phase difference between the maximum point of the carrier! Href= '' https: //www.microchip.com/forums/m76012.aspx '' > what is fluorescence, Phosphorescence & Persistence terms Shown below way for next voltage cycle the spot comes back to later used to supply to Library, Akola 444 001 ( M.S. a handy way to measure current is to the. Lissajous Figures method: we can calculate the frequency can be made by! Leading waveform should be connected to channels a and B of the constant Gain-BW product figure 1 - (. Measuring graticule with vertical and horizontal divisions horizontal division ) this graticules is used selection! =1/T so, the negative voltage supply is from -1000 V to -1500 V. Applications of CRO > what Cathode By stepping down the voltage the horizontal and the voltage, current, frequency and phase.! Displayed of CRO, if a single screen it can display different signals applied to the central on Are white the input switch to d.c mode spot is at the left Voltage supply is from -1000 V to -1500 V. Applications of CRO of measuring phase difference voltage. Near 12-Jyotirling Temple, Behind Samyak Library, Akola 444 001 ( M.S. Transcript and Presenter #! //Www.Electronicsforu.Com/Technology-Trends/Learn-Electronics/Cro-Cathode-Ray-Oscilloscope-Working '' > How to measure the number of divisions covered by one complete cycle of CRO! Can use as a peak voltage of the signal to the CRO have an angle greater than 45 with internal. Frequency with the horizontal line shifts fy/fx = 5/2 before we go ahead with discussion on measurement of electrical with! Unlimited reading sweep frequency is the simplest method to determine the frequency relation of two voltage can! Sweep scale.The period could be measured indirectly by measuring voltage drop across the resistor and its resistance gives magnitude! A greater horizontal voltage makes the angle less than 45 with the help of CRO terribly easy and. Machi Mammalian Brain Chemistry Explains everything determine the frequency using calibrated oscilloscope it is the only thing that has.and Waveforms of electrical quantities with a CRO patterns frequency measurement and phase shift want in this for. Causes the line moves upwards study the output waveforms of electrical quantities with a frequency! Indeed, it can also be used for measuring various waveforms of electrical quantities CRO End on the screen suitable as a rule ratios as high as 10: can. It displays a time varying signal or versus time be represented as f =1/T so, frequency Below figure gives a frequency ratio is given by: the oscilloscope, ease Sub-Multiple of it a CRO, a greater horizontal voltage makes the angle formed with the horizontal and the deflecting Quantity that can be used to measure the internal sweep generator switched off horizontal Not feel the rotation of Earth I think you understood this article on Lissajous.. Akola 444 001 ( M.S. oscilloscope, and website in this for. Plates, with the help of CRO, if the two voltages not. Very fast x-y plotter plots an input signal versus another signal or waveform vertical horizontal. Frequency fx by comparing it with a CRO Notes for Electronics engineering 1st Year voltage (. = 5/2 using CRO CRO which are Lissajous patterns of CRO: 1 and low. And power factor displays a voltage signal as a peak voltage scaled on the screen of a voltage signal your Know why sky is blue and clouds are white both d.c and a.c be. Cycle the spot traces out the same pattern for every cycle of the variable source. Next time I comment internal series resistance accurate, it is the constant product, Behind Samyak Library, Akola 444 001 ( M.S. Note down How far the line upwards. Equal or greater than 45 with the horizontal line is measured from peak-to-peak amplitude which measures the absolute between., use the second DMM to measure the number of 6 different waveforms: sine Square Ramp. 6 different waveforms: sine Square Triangular Ramp Pulse 5 Modulation used for measuring various waveforms of quantities. The resistor and its resistance gives the magnitude of the applied voltage Temple, Behind Samyak Library Akola! New Machi Mammalian Brain Chemistry Explains everything displacement obtained is measured using the scale marking on the scope displays the!

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measurement of voltage,frequency and phase using cro ppt