cultural revolution struggle session

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Stand up! theyd yell. They also took place at universities, like the struggle session for the professor You Xiaoli, as recounted by Anne Thurston, in Enemies of the People: Struggle sessions have been revived, and exported to America. Instead of making the reality of abortion less disturbing, NPR's recording of a woman in her 11th week of pregnancy crying and moaning while a vacuum machine whirs is more likely to haunt the dreams of pro-choicers everywhere. Thus Peng Chen former boss of Peking . How to Escape Your Packed Schedule and Take a Rest From Work, Russia Presses Evacuation of Kherson as Ukrainian Offensive Looms, Opinion: Donald Trump Rallies for . Closer to the center of things, in Xian, the Red Guards paraded Xi Zhongxun, a stalwart of the Chinese Communist Revolution who had fallen out with Mao, around on a truck and then beat him. On Wednesday night's episode of "GlennTV," Glenn Beck examines the Voldemort topic of Democrats and the media. Young urbanites sent down to teach us raised the educational level. In an extraordinary turn of events, in 1971, Lin died in a plane crash in Mongolia with several of his family members; allegedly, he was fleeing China after failing to assassinate Mao. During the worst years of the Cultural Revolution, Mao had rejected all emendations to his economic playbook. Chinas Economy Is Slumping. Peggy Noonan / March 16, 2019 Get Ready for the Struggle Session. The inscription on the paper hats and the banner over the chest of Mochen Tang, written in Chinese, accuse him of supplying bullets and money, looted from the country, to support the Tibetan revolt against the Chinese. This seemed a way out of a crisis caused by calcified party bureaucracies, self-serving lites, and their seemingly uncontrollable disasters, such as the endless war in Vietnam. Ani Sithar, sister of the famous Tibetan historian, WD Shakabpa is paraded through the streets with religious objects laden over her head and shoulders. The next day I only had two friends left. Because it doesnt affect my freedom. Mr. Yang is a historian who was a student at Tsinghua University High School in 1966. The aim of struggle sessions was to shape . To revisit this article, select My Account, thenView saved stories, To revisit this article, visit My Profile, then View saved stories. They really did see themselves as the heirs to power that our parents won the country and so were the natural heirs and this thinking has continued into the present. . The spectacle of Khrushchev denouncing Stalin, in 1956, only to be himself removed and disgraced, in 1964, made Mao increasingly prone to see revisionists at every turn. 34,800 of them were killed. But the problem of political representation in a polarized, unequal, and now economically debilitated society remains treacherously unresolved. the "struggle sessions." In the mid-1960s Mao Zedong, suspicious of those around him . He beat two elderly people to death with his bare hands. They said that because of my family background I could never love socialism and the Communist Party. Those chances went disproportionately to the children of officials. Read5 hours ago | Eugene Kontorovich, Article viewed iconAn icon to mark the viewed articles A cabal influencing the election kind of sounds EXACTLY like what Democrats accuse Republicans of doing. The Cultural Revolution was over, and Deng was soon ushering China into an era of willed amnesia and looking for money., The surreal events of the Cultural Revolution seem far removed from a country that today has, by some estimates, the worlds largest concentration of billionaires. Wanted to eliminate the 4 olds and destroy any imperialist elements in Chinese society. wished, but the section on the Cultural Revolution is quite short and is noted below as an essential reading for students. They were forced to wear the dresses and were paraded through the streets of Lhasa in August 1966. This included public humiliation and public executions. He was a student at Tsinghua University High School. Zhang Lifans father was Zhang Naiqi, a democratic politician who stayed in China after 1949 and was persecuted as a Rightist in 1957. In his efforts to escape the cycles of order and disorder, rise and fall that Chinas emperors could not,isXi himself slipping into them? He replaced broken structures of government with revolutionary committees. These committees, dominated by Army commanders, were effectively a form of military dictatorship in many parts of China. These struggle sessions often took place in busy areas. Mao became nervous about the peoples commune they established, though he and his followers had often upheld the Paris Commune, from 1871, as a model of mass democracy. You dont have freedom. Unlike the Cultural Revolution, or the Iranian Revolution, or the Russian Revolution, this moment has no clear leader. Struggle session statue https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struggle_session#Disuse_after_1978 (if applicable) for The Wall Street Journal. These upheavals are but the latest culmination of the so-called Cultural Revolution. In the countryside where I am from, there was relatively speaking less suffering, and there was even good from it. How could siblings, neighbors, colleagues, and classmates turn on one another so viciously? They first formed by holding secret meetings in the grounds of the Old Summer Palace. One specific kind of public humiliation is what's called "The Struggle Session." They treat one-sidedly extolling the achievements of the past as a positive energy to be exalted, and they treat exposing and reflecting on the mistakes of history as a negative energy to be beaten down. With the Cultural Revolution, he seemed to sideline economic development in favor of a large-scale engineering of human souls and minds. My little brother was so scared he was 4 or 5. By early 1967, workers had joined the fray, most significantly in Shanghai, where they surpassed Red Guards in revolutionary fervor. Woeser describes the devastation wrought on Tibets Buddhist traditions by a campaign to humiliate the elderly and to obliterate what were known as the Four Oldsold thinking, old culture, old customs, and old habits of the exploiting classes. The photographs in Woesers book were taken by her father, a soldier in the Chinese military, and found by her after he died. As detailed in a large-character poster that was adopted by cultural revolutionaries across China, one of the indictments against Bian was her inadequate esteem for Mao. She now lives in Hong Kong. I saw a university student being beaten by a female Red Guard, and the people around told her to stop. He watched it going from the balcony and asked his father, whod come out from cooking in the kitchen, Baba, whats the sun?, His father answers: Its a giant ball of fire., He sat there and thought for a long time and then went inside and said, Baba, youre a reactionary., His father said: Hey, why did you call me a reactionary?, He answers: Because the sun is Chairman Mao, but you said it was a giant ball of fire., His father said, Oh. 2022 Cond Nast. Struggle sessions were a form of public humiliation and torture used by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) at various times in the Mao era, particularly during the years immediately before and after the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and during the Cultural Revolution. Lugug Achak, prior to 1959, was a beggar, commonly known by the name, Lugug Tangpo (beggar). She checked him out, and sure it was the leader of the Red Guards who had come to our house. You may cancel your subscription at anytime by calling They just carried him away. They called it: Exhibition of the Bourgeois Life of Wu Wenzao and Xie Bingxin. There were pieces of gold, jade, silver and a lot of stuff. In America, and even more so on Twitter, there's a whiff of China's Cultural Revolution in the air. Or maybe you know it was a rough time in Chinese history but don't know what ha. In 2010, Tony Judt warned, not long before his death, that the traditional way of doing politics in the Westthrough mass movements, communities organized around an ideology, even religious or political ideas, trade unions and political partieshad become dangerously extinct. Zha Jianying at her home in Beijing, this month. In the process numerous 'heroes' of yesterday have been demoted to 'capitalist agents' today. A professor in Seattle was already subjected, over the course of six months, to struggle sessions by students and a formal investigation into his public opinions on a ballot initiative . In the film Ashes to Ashes, avid Star Wars fan and master leatherwork artist Winfred Rembert connects with his dear friend Shirley Jackson Whitaker, who is on a mission to memorialize the four thousand forgotten African-Americans lynched during the Jim Crow era. In the system Deng built after the Cultural Revolution, a much bigger bureaucracy was conceived to manage society. Deeply networked within Chinas wealthy classes, the bureaucratic clique came to control all the countrys resources and the direction of reform, deciding who would pay the costs of reforms and how the benefits of reform would be distributed. Andrew Walder, who has published several authoritative books on Maoist China, puts it bluntly: China today is the very definition of what the Cultural Revolution was intended to forestallnamely, a capitalist oligarchy with unprecedented levels of corruption and inequality.. Such pictures, and others, in Forbidden Memory (Potomac), by the Tibetan activist and poet Tsering Woeser, show that even Tibet, the far-flung region that China had occupied since 1950, did not escape the turmoil. She may have cursed him, saying: Shame on you. Finally the man just left. Cultural Revolution, in full Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, Chinese (Pinyin) Wuchanjieji Wenhua Dageming or (Wade-Giles romanization) Wu-ch'an Chieh-chi Wen-hua Ta Ke-ming, upheaval launched by Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong during his last decade in power (1966-76) to renew the spirit of the Chinese Revolution. Bettmann/Getty Images With the end of the Cultural Revolution, mass rallies, Struggle Sessions, and politicized warfare like that seen in Guangxi disappeared as China struggled to recover. . To enjoy more of Glenns masterful storytelling, thought-provoking analysis, and uncanny ability to make sense of the chaos, subscribe to BlazeTV the largest multi-platform network of voices who love America, defend the Constitution, and live the American dream. The point was to publicly degrade the person until they swore allegiance to the Communist Party. In America, and even more so on Twitter, there's a whiff of China's Cultural Revolution in the air. Her parents were prominent intellectuals. Class struggle during the Cultural Revolution had left the old power holders as well as the revolutionary masses utterly exhausted, desperate for stability and peace. Who are our enemies? The Cultural Revolution, formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in the People's Republic of China (PRC) launched by Mao Zedong in 1966, and lasting until his death in 1976. On September 24, 1970, the Rolling Stones interrupted their concert at the Palais des Sports in Paris to invite a French Maoist called Serge July onstage. I have always been a very direct speaker. AMY QIN There are vandalized monasteries and bonfires of books and manuscriptsa rare pictorial record of a tragedy in which ideological delirium turned ordinary people into monsters who devoured their own. Social equality, in this view, would come about by plunging the Chinese into continuous revolution, a fierce class struggle that would permanently inflame the political consciousness of the masses. There were no standards. They were afraid that my parents would commit suicide. The great question of Chinas Maoist experiment now looms over the United States: Why did a powerful society suddenly start destroying itself? This era featured the "struggle session," in which an accused enemy of socialism would be taken out in public to be humiliated and abused. Even before the Cultural Revolution, there were divisions in our class over family background. The term refers to class struggle; the session is held, ostensibly, to benefit the target, by eliminating all traces of counterrevolutionary, reactionary thinking. Mr. Chen, a composer who now lives in France, was a student at a middle school in Beijing when the movement began. Mao called the education system something like, Counter-revolutionary Revisionism System. We reached out to our readers online, in English and Chinese, and asked them to share their families stories about how they were affected by the Cultural Revolution. In 1966, when Mao Zedong reasserted his control of the Communist Party, he set in motion a decade of chaos and torment in China. . Our correspondents also talked to academics and writers who witnessed the Cultural Revolution. It is a public exercise in ritual humiliation that. Can't watch? Instead of scoring points for the pro-choice Democratic Party, NPR may have accidentally aired nationwide one of the strongest pro-life advertisements ever made. The youths who led Mao's Cultural Revolution. Four traumatic years of Trump are passing into history, but the United States seems to have completed only the first phase of its own cultural revolution. Women are still defying and dying in an uprising that is historically unique for being centered on womens freedom. According to estimates quoted by Yang, as many as a million and a half people were killed, thirty-six million persecuted, and a hundred million altogether affected in a countrywide upheaval that lasted, with varying intensity, for a decadefrom 1966 to 1976, when Mao died. My uncle had eight children in the 1950s and 60s. On one level the Revolution was a way for Mao to regain control over decision-making in China. Customer Service. Thousands of educators were publicly denounced and physically abused in "struggle sessions" by the rampaging students in Beijing's secondary schools and universities. Yet Xi Jinpings policies, which prioritize stability and economic growth above all, serve as a reminder of how fundamentally the Cultural Revolution reordered Chinese politics and society. And how did victims and persecutorsthe roles changing with bewildering speedlive with each other afterward? The problem wasnt his disastrous ideology, it was, he wrote, feudal forces full of hatred towards socialism . Struggle sessions were a form of public humiliation and torture used by the Communist Party of China at various times in the Mao era, particularly during the years immediately before and after the establishment of the People's Republic of China and during the Cultural Revolution. Late in 1966, the younger Red Guards were challenged by an older cohort, who formed competing Red Guard units; they, in turn, were challenged by heavily armed rebel forces. All factions claimed recognition as the true voice of the Chairman. At the time, I was at my school. And then this Red Guard said self-righteously, Chairman Mao told me to beat him!. The students brought elderly people into the school and beat them. Pomda Topgyal belonged A grandfather in my extended family had eight children in the 1940s and 50s. It was feeding time, and they refused to let him be fed. Womens-liberation movements in the West embraced Maos slogan Women hold up half the sky. In 1967, the Black Panther leaders HueyP. Newton and Bobby Seale financed the purchase of guns by selling copies of Maos Little Red Book. During the Maoist Cultural Revolution, in struggle sessions, the guilty party - accused of selfishness, ignorance, and the embrace of bourgeois ideology - was pilloried with verbal and sometimes physical assaults by her comrades-until she broke down and confessed her characterological and ideological flaws. The Tibetan Panchen Lama during a struggle session,1964. He spent three years in a re-education labor camp outside the city. Mr. Zhang is a businessman who previously worked as an academic researcher and still writes history. stirring up trouble, sabotaging socialist productive forces. The party had been infiltrated by pragmatists and revisionists. Notwithstanding this strategic omission, Yangs book offers the most comprehensive journalistic account yet of contemporary Chinas foundational trauma. Download the podcast here. You dont understand what a metaphor is, so forget it., The boy said: Thats still wrong. Heres What It Means for the U.S. Yang mentions a group of elderly writers in Beijing who, in August, 1966, three months after Mao formally launched the Cultural Revolution, were denounced as ox demons and snake spirits (Maos preferred term for class enemies) and flogged with belt buckles and bamboo sticks by teen-age girls. By the end of China's Cultural Revolution, an estimated 729,511 people were persecuted in struggle sessions. Mao-era propaganda for struggle sessions Cultural Revolution Estimates of the death toll, including both civilians and Red Guards, from various sources[2] are about 500,000 between 1966 and 1969. In China, by contrast, such institutions had been greatly damaged by the Cultural Revolution, with the result that Deng, setting out to rebuild them in his image, faced much less opposition. Terrorized Chinese citizens with struggle sessions and determined who went to camps. Struggle Session. Wore red arm bands and carried his book. 2022 MERCURY RADIO ARTS.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Jean-Paul Sartre hawked copies of a banned Maoist newspaper in Paris, and Michel Foucault was among those who turned to China for political inspiration, in what Sartre called new forms of class struggle in a period of organized capitalism., Editors at the influential French periodical Tel Quel learned Chinese in order to translate Maos poetry. You and your brother should make a clear line from them. My parents were taken downstairs and there was this typical rally: slogans, speeches, shouting. But it's not petty to be concerned about the price of fuel right now or your bank account or the potentially disastrous diesel fuel shortage that the Energy Information Administration (EIA) has warned is coming just as the nation heads into colder months. The Cultural Revolution in China: the boy who denounced his motherSubscribe to The Guardian on YouTube http://is.gd/subscribeguardianIn 1970, Fang Zhongmou. Irans Protests Are the First Counter-Revolution Led by Women. Can't watch? By 1971, Mao and his second-in-command, Lin Biao, were trading assassination attempts against one another. My impression was that, in a sense, the Cultural Revolution had already begun in 1964. The students took away the cutting knives. First published in Chinese in Hong Kong in 2016, it is now available . military officers and landowners. Violence became widespread after August 18, 1966, and everywhere on the streets you could see people surrounded by crowds, bowed over and being beaten and struggled against. The 66-year-old 10th Dhemo Rinpoche Lobsang Jamphel Lungtok Tenzin Gyatso, a highly revered reincarnate lama of the Tengyeling Monastery of Lhasa, and his 47-year-old wife are led through a struggle session by the Red Guards on July 27, 1966. It was a long line, and she realized the man standing in front of her looked familiar. But nothing happened to my parents until July or August 1966, when the Red Guards went to my home. Only one lived. Chaos-loving leaders have grasped power by promising to return sovereignty to the people and by denouncing political-party apparatuses. Mao was also smarting from the obvious failure of his economic policies, and from implicit criticism by colleagues such as Liu Shaoqi, Chinas de-jure head of state from 1959 onward. Origins and "speak bitterness" sessions [ edit] Denunciation rallies developed from similar ideas of criticism and self-criticism in the Soviet Union from the 1920s. During the Cultural Revolution, the Chinese Communist Party used a variety of torture techniques. But what I find myself thinking of these days is the ritual humiliations, the struggle sessions., In the mid-1960s Mao Zedong, suspicious of those around him, wary of the moves of erstwhile Soviet allies, damaged by a disastrous famine his policies had caused, surveyed the scene and decided it was time for a little mayhem. Infant mortality was high and life expectancy low, and the barefoot doctor system that spread at that time brought down mortality fast, by introducing things like basic hygiene. But he was subjected to numerous struggle sessions, severe beatings and imprisonment on the charges of hurling abuses at Mao when drunk. Red Guardsa pseudo-military designation adopted by secondary-school and university students who saw themselves as the Chairmans sentinelssoon appeared all over China, charging people with manifestly ridiculous crimes and physically assaulting them before jeering crowds. The fact is that they were much more mature and in-the-know than us. They only know that the rebels were the culprits in the Cultural Revolution, and dont know that the rebels were active for only two years. My parents had to stand outside of the exhibition every day for 10 days carrying a blackboard around their neck. Which direction are we going? the pilot asked Mao as he boarded the plane. My mom had been labeled a reactionary writer, an unpunished rightist, and a running dog of the imperialists. They are the class enemy. He wroteit is the epigraph of Frank Diktters The Cultural Revolution: A Peoples History, 1962-1976Who are our friends? Brief overview: There are several motives that scholars discuss for Mao's decision to encourage the Cultural Revolution. Some people were not able to stand the torture and, losing hope for the future, committed suicide. These occurrences were too common. Prompted, even forced, by internal crises and external challenges, Mao opened Chinas doors to the United States and, in early 1972, received Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger in Beijing, much to the bewilderment of those in the West who had seen China as leading a global resistance to American imperialism. There were close to 80 in total. The message on the dunce hat on his head and the banner on his chest reads: Reactionary Ngawang Gyatso should be eliminated. Ribur Rinpoche ed Tibet after the Cultural Revolution and passed away in 2006 in India. People shouted over and over: "Beat . In 1981, the Chinese Communist Party described the Cultural Revolution as an error. My father was also beaten up by them, and he was covered in injuries, and they were afraid that if someone of his standing died that would be bad, so they sent him to Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Chinas unique modela market economy supervised by a technocratic party-statecould only have been erected on ground brutally levelled by Maos Cultural Revolution. . Cut Taxes and Spending, Watch: Griner to Serve Nine-Year Sentence After Judge Denies Appeal, Watch: Climate Protesters Throw Mashed Potatoes on $110 Million Monet Painting, Mortgages, Cars and Credit Cards: How Interest-Rate Hikes Are Hitting Americans' Wallets, Putinisms: Vladimir Putins Top Six One Liners. Read9 hours ago | Gerard Baker, Article viewed iconAn icon to mark the viewed articles Sympathy for nonwhite victims of imperialism and slavery, and struggling postcolonial peoples in general, came to be stigmatized as a sign of excessive sentimentality and guilt. The elderly man in the middle with bundles of Indian currency over his chest is Tsogyal Rigzin Lhundup from the Nangrong-Shag family. One of the most famous cases of attempted suicide . My own older brother and older sister died a few days after birth, but by the time I was born, in 1969, the infant mortality rate had fallen. The settings included struggle sessions at mass assemblies, in the streets and at local neighborhood committees that methodically conducted their sessions by turns. The young lady on his right is his daughter Thinpal and the man on his left is his son, Kungyur. The "struggle session" is a feature of totalitarianism widely practiced during Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution in China (1966-1976.) Or the one involving Sandia Labs executives seminar. In particular, the Red Guards gave Mao a way of bypassing the Party and securing the personal fealty of the fervent rank and file. The Cultural Revolution was launched in China in 1966 by Communist leader Mao Zedong in order to reassert his authority over the Chinese government. This post is part of a series on critical race theory. Xi spent years living in a cave dwelling, one of sixteen million youths exiled to the countryside by Mao. A Nobel Laureate Revisits the Great Wars African Front. Everyone looks down on you.. I heard you say that the sun is a giant ball of fire.. Information was scarce, but many writers and activists in the West who were opposed to the United States and its war in Vietnam were becoming fascinated with Mao Zedong, their earlier infatuation with Soviet-style Marxism having soured. While taking her students through an earthquake drill, she had failed to stress the importance of rescuing the Chairmans portrait. Mao had just re-purged Deng and launched a new campaign against Dengs capitalist roading when, in September, 1976, he died. Within a month, the Gang of Four was in prison. Remember this admission from Time magazine just a month after Joe Biden took office: A well-funded cabal of powerful people, ranging across industries and ideologies, working together behind the scenes to influence perceptions, change rules and laws, steer media coverage and control the flow of information. These are THEIR WORDS. The American Cultural Revolution is a movement that looks like it has come from nowhere, but it began in academia, where it has been fomenting for some time. You will be charged Yang provides the larger political backdrop to these granular accounts of cruelty and suffering. One night these rebels Red Guards burst into the apartment, turning everything inside out. Glenn, Pat Gray, and Stu Burgiere went on to discuss NPR's shocking broadcast and how only a few years ago, just the thought of airing an abortion was reprehensible. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement and Your California Privacy Rights. Kids from bad family backgrounds didnt have a chance of joining. So I lived. No one has ever looked into it. Maos decrees, faithfully amplified by the Peoples Daily, which exhorted readers to sweep away the monsters and demons, gave people license to unleash their id. It was a way to punish anyone who so much as disagreed with Communist Party dogma. Order appears to have been temporarily restored (in part by Big Tech, one of Trumps enablers). I was 6. By signing up, you agree to our User Agreement and Privacy Policy & Cookie Statement. This vantage enabled him to write Tombstone (2012), a well-regarded history of the Great Famine, caused by Maos Great Leap Forward. (Notably, almost all the persecutors in the photographs are Tibetan, not Han Chinese.) After July, who, with Sartre, later co-founded the newspaper Libration, asked the throng to support French fellow-Maoists facing imprisonment for their beliefs. Senior Party cadres and officials, once restored to their positions, were able to usher their offspring into the best universities. My daddy served in the Kuomintang government and later was labeled a rightist. Mr. Yi was born in a village in Qianyang County, Hunan Province. $ + tax The great question of Chinas Maoist experiment looms over the United States as Donald Trump vacates the White House: Why did a rich and powerful society suddenly start destroying itself? One of them was the feminist critic Julia Kristeva, who later travelled to China with Roland Barthes. Many students from bad class backgrounds like me couldnt win acceptance to the special university preparatory classes, or membership in the Youth League. Sampho Tsewang Rigzin, 62 and his wife are led through a struggle session in front of a fervent crowd in August 1966. The author of several books about contemporary Chinese culture, Ms. Zha grew up in Beijing and now splits her time there and in New York. Do you remember me? she said loudly. I didnt understand what was going on. Then they locked the rooms. They only know that the Gang of Four and the rebels supported the Cultural Revolution, and dont know that a large number of senior officials also supported the Cultural Revolution for some time. My parents stayed in a room smaller than 10 square meters. Dorjee Phagmo, a female reincarnate lama (centre) and her parent are led through a struggle session. Her father, Rinzin Gyalpo, was said to have helped the Peoples Liberation Army during the Chinese invasion and hence was seen as true son of the motherland. Read5 hours ago | Jeffrey Loria, Opinion: A GOP Game Plan: Get Federal Spending Under Control, Opinion: Israels Right-Wing Coalition Gets the Cold Shoulder From Biden, Opinion: Another Supreme Court Clean-Up Job, Get 15% off AE promo code with text alerts, Kohl's coupon - 30% off sitewide for Rewards members, Black Friday Deals for Days - Up to 70% off, $15 off any restaurant with DoorDash coupon, The 2022 Midterm Election Endangers Democrats, Not Democracy, Donald Trump Fires at Ron DeSantisand Misses, A GOP Game Plan: Get Federal Spending Under Control, Israels Right-Wing Coalition Gets the Cold Shoulder From Biden, You Gotta Have Heart to Play for Dusty Baker, Tyson Foods CFO Arrested After Authorities Say He Fell Asleep in Wrong House, Meta Plans to Begin Large-Scale Layoffs This Week. One of them is now my wife. Maos own hands were once so damaged by all the pressing of callow flesh that he was unable to write for days afterward. Xi Jinpings half sister was, according to official accounts, persecuted to death; most probably, like many people tortured by the Red Guards, she committed suicide. In 1966, Chairman Mao Zedong, in an attempt to maintain his authority and destroy the increasingly powerful. May 16, 2016, marks the 50th anniversary of the outbreak of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.

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cultural revolution struggle session