"Providing Denver Businesses with the highest quality Printing and Branding Solutions"
For all your print needs
MetroGraphics
MetroGraphics
The significance of the FEV1/FVC ratio is twofold. Dont use it as a replacement for your doctors analysis. Your doctor will use the spirometer to regularly monitor your lung function and help track the progression of your disease. The normal ranges for spirometry values vary depending on the patient's height, weight, age, sex, and racial or ethnic background. In each test, patients should exhale for at least six seconds and stop when there is no volume change for one second. doi:10.4187/respcare.02130. Your result is considered "normal" if your score is 80 percent or more of the predicted value. (2015). In this severe stage, shortness of breath, fatigue, and a lower tolerance to physical activity are usually noticeable. A low ratio suggests that something is blocking your airways. Follow these steps to use your incentive spirometer. How often should I use my incentive spirometer? The higher the number, the more air youre able to inhale, and the better your lungs are working. The doctor or a nurse will place a clip on your nose to keep both nostrils closed. The test is positive if the FEV1 increases by at least 12 percent and the FVC increases by at least 200 mL. This device and management program is designed to help adults and children, 5 years and up, monitor their lung function and take control of their respiratory health. When you do this test, it will increase the pressure in your head, chest, stomach, and eyes as you breath out. The breathing tube is connected to the air chamber and has a mouthpiece at the end. However, there is a minor risk that you may get an indirect infection. When the FVC and FEV1 are decreased, the distinction between an obstructive and restrictive ventilatory pattern depends on the absolute FEV1/FVC ratio. In a way, it works similarly to a straw. A more recent article on spirometry is available. Time your breaths so that you are breathing in for three seconds, holding your breath for two seconds, then breathing out for three seconds. When there is no air in your lungs, they may create mucus. The test works by measuring airflow into and out of your lungs. All rights owned and reserved by Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 2023 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, High school & undergraduate summer programs. Click Calculate to calculate the predicted values. Spirometry is a routine test performed to determine if you suffer from lung problems such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) asthma and other ailments. Yes, there are some risks associated with using an incentive spirometer. Place the yellow indicator on the side of your incentive spirometer to show your best breath. If you had surgery on your chest or abdomen (belly), it may help to splint your incision (surgical cut). Your doctor can use it to either diagnose or monitor a range of lung. Yes, some medications, like Singulair, are known to worsen this behavior in those already prone to it. ** The Airlife Incentive Spirometer contains an easily adjustable patient goal indicator that encourages patients to be actively involved in their own recovery process 1. RVResidual volume; the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation. Liu C-J, Tsai W-C, Chu C-C, Muo C-H, Chung W-S. Is incentive spirometry beneficial for patients with lung cancer receiving video-assisted thoracic surgery? An incentive spirometer also requires you to exhale deeply, which may spread airborne microbes such as influenza and COVID-19. Remove the mouthpiece and hold your breath for at least 10 seconds, then exhale. Your doctor, surgeon, or nurse will give you specific instructions on how to use it. An official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society technical statement. Restrictive lung disease. By contrast, at 5 to 6 years of age, the CV for FEV 1 and FVC is 15%, corresponding to a normal range of 70 to 130% predicted. Those with more severe breathing concerns or breathing complications that arent well managed are advised to have more frequent spirometry tests. Standardization of spirometry 2019 update. Inhaling too quickly will force the ball to the top of the indicator and breathing too slowly will allow the ball to drop to the bottom of the indicator. Sitting up straight allows your lungs to expand fully. Youll notice a yellow piston rising toward the top of the column. Place the spirometer mouthpiece in your mouth and close your lips tightly around it. FEV1 and FVC are greater in whites compared with blacks and Asians. If you took the mouthpiece out of your mouth, put it back in when youre ready to start again. The second key spirometry measurement is FEV1. To prevent respiratory infection, this product is intended for single-patient use. The National Health Survey of 1988 to 1994 found high rates of undiagnosed and untreated COPD in current and former smokers.5 Population-based studies have identified vital capacity (VC) as a powerful prognostic indicator in patients with COPD. This article reviews all you need to, Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Check with a healthcare professional about whether you should avoid are any medications, such as inhalers, before the test, since they may interfere with the accuracy of the results. Take five to ten normal breaths. These efforts are recorded and graphed. Copyright 2004 by the American Academy of Family Physicians. Spirometry measures two key factors: expiratory forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). In the absence of restrictive lung disease that causes a normal or elevated FEV1/FVC ratio, the higher the percentage gotten from your FEV1/FVC ratio means the healthier your lungs are. Put the mouthpiece in your mouth and close your lips tightly around it. Many spirometers have a line on this chamber to indicate the optimal speed. People with conditions that affect the lungs, like COPD, may also use an incentive spirometer to keep their lungs fluid-free and active. Last medically reviewed on December 4, 2018. Breathing slowly with a spirometer allows your lungs to inflate fully. Normal Spirometry Valuesof FeV are more important for assessing the lung function. These could include chest X-rays, sinus X-rays, and blood tests. TOP Choice #1. Theyre based on your: Your doctor calculates the predicted normal value for you before you do the test. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Tracking COPD progression with the spirometer, goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/GOLD-2019-POCKET-GUIDE-DRAFT-v1.7-14Nov2018-WMS.pdf, mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/spirometry/about/pac-20385201, Everything You Need to Know About Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI, FEV1 and COPD: How to Interpret Your Results, COPD: How a 5-Question Screening Tool Can Help Diagnose Condition, 5 Ways to Keep Your Lungs Healthy and Strong. Lowers your risk of getting a lung infection as you heal from surgery. It temporarily takes over for your heart and lungs, so blood still circulates around your body, but it moves away from your heart. 1 What is a normal reading on an airlife spirometer? We avoid using tertiary references. doi:10.1186/s12890-019-0885-8. Episodes of COPD exacerbation are also common in severe COPD. Each stage comes with its own unique issues, and understanding what stage your disease is at allows your doctor to recommend and prescribe the best possible treatment. Theyll then ask you to wait 15 minutes before doing another set of measurements. Theyll take the highest value from three close test readings and use it as your final result. A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for his or her personal, non-commercial reference. Speak with your doctor before your test if you think you may have. The piston or ball will return to the bottom of the chamber. Breathe in (inhale) slowly through your mouth as deeply as you can. Learn more. Your healthcare provider may change your goal and have you aim for higher numbers as you heal from surgery. It is a fairly short procedure that lasts about fifteen minutes and can help your doctor determine what might be wrong with you and what is the best course of treatment. First, take the flexible (bendable) tubing out of the bag and stretch it out. Next, the determination of an obstructive or restrictive ventilatory patten is made. You may find it challenging to use the device at first, but keep it up! Afterward, your doctor will compare the results of the two measurements to see whether the bronchodilator helped increase your airflow. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Effects of incentive spirometry on respiratory motion in healthy subjects using cine breathing magnetic resonance imaging. Insert the end of the mouthpiece into your mouth. The most important spirometric maneuver is the FVC. journals.lww.com/nursing/Citation/2017/06000/Post_op_incentive_spirometry__Why,_when,___how.16.aspx, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6122234/, elsevier.health/en-US/preview/how-to-use-incentive-spirometer, e-arm.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.5535/arm.2015.39.3.360, dhs.state.mn.us/main/idcplg?IdcService=GET_DYNAMIC_CONVERSION&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased&dDocName=DHS16_143685, trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-019-3943-x, What a Spirometry Test Score Can Tell You About Your COPD. A reading in this zone means that your asthma is in good control. However, the FEV1/FEV6 ratio provides accurate surrogate measure for the FEV1/FVC ratio.12 The reported FEV1 and FEV6 values should be rounded to the nearest 0.1 L and the percent predicted and the FEV1/FEV6 ratio to the nearest integer.13, Different spirographic and flow volume curves are shown in Figure 2.11 It is important to understand that the amount exhaled during the first second is a constant fraction of the FVC, regardless of lung size. It can happen for several reasons, such as hyperventilation. You can usually stop using the incentive spirometer once you can walk around, unless otherwise instructed by your healthcare provider. If the MVV is low but FEV1 and FVC are normal, poor patient effort, a neuromuscular disorder, or major airway lesion must be considered. You may feel dizzy or lightheaded when breathing from your spirometer. The Framingham study identified a low forced vital capacity (FVC) as a risk factor for premature death.6 The Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey and the multicenter Lung Health Study showed potential benefits for patients with early identification, intervention, and treatment of COPD.7,8 The Lung Health Study was the first study to show that early identification and intervention in smokers could affect the natural history of COPD.7 These surveys also showed that simple spirometry could detect mild airflow obstruction, even in asymptomatic patients. Spirometry, along with assisting in staging and treatment recommendations, also lets your doctor check to see whether or not your treatment is working. Airlife Spirometer Instructions **An incentive volumetric spirometer is a breathing therapy tool primarily used following surgery to keep the lungs active and reduce the incidence of pneumonia, pneumothorax and a permanent decrease in lung tissue function 1. Put the mouthpiece in your mouth and close your lips tightly around it. Normal spirometric parameters are shown in Table 2.14. This chamber contains a ball or piston that bobs up and down as the speed of your breath changes. ERVExpiratory reserve volume; the maximal volume of air exhaled from end-expiration. DOI: Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease. Hold your breath in for as long as possible -- at least five seconds is preferable. It should be used with caution in patients with advanced COPD because of its inability to detect very low volumes or flows. But, because COVID-19 affects the respiratory system, having COPD may increase your, Pulmonary hygiene refers to a group of techniques that can help to clear your airways. Spirometers are commonly used at hospitals after surgeries or prolonged illnesses that lead to extended bed rest. This test is helpful for diagnosing, In accordance with the Consumer Product Safety Commission, Peloton has voluntarily recalled first generation pedals on bikes purchased between July, Its possible to have allergies and asthma separately, but having both conditions is the most common. This step is important in preventing infections such as pneumonia from forming. The incentive spirometer is made up of a breathing tube, an air chamber, and an indicator. Hold the incentive spirometer in an upright position. To take a spirometry test, you sit and breathe into a small machine called a spirometer. An incentive spirometer is a device that measures how deeply you can inhale (breathe in). It has a mouthpiece that looks like a vacuum tube. If you want, you can take the mouthpiece out of your mouth first and then breathe out. However, they are also at a higher risk of infections in the upper respiratory tract from contact with equipment related to the test and the personnel performing the test. Sitting up straight allows your lungs to expand fully. 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, Important Updates + Notice of Vendor Data Event. Get the details on steroid types and side effects. If you have an incision on your chest or abdomen after surgery, place a pillow or a rolled-up towel firmly against the incision when you cough. Use the marker on the left side of the spirometer to mark how high the piston rises (see Figure 1). In addition to conventional medications for severe asthma, you may want to consider natural strategies to manage your symptoms. Spirometry is a standard test that doctors use to measure how well your lungs are functioning. The FEV1/FVC ratio is a number that represents the percentage of your lung capacity youre able to exhale in 1 second. mean of 0 and an SD of 1. Hold the incentive spirometer at eye level. Cover the mouthpiece of your incentive spirometer when youre not using it. A bronchodilator is given, and spirometry is repeated after several minutes. If you have questions about your care, contact your healthcare provider. Take a break from the exercises if you feel lightheaded, or short of breath. Benefits of using an incentive spirometer Using an incentive spirometer can improve overall lung function, which in turn increases the amount of oxygen that is breathed into the lungs, ultimately increasing the oxygen that ends up in the body. Although we strive to deliver accurate and up-to-date information, no guarantee to that effect is made. Watch the coaching ball right above the air tubing. Use the indicator as a goal to work toward during each slow, deep breath. 2019;19(1). Measurement of static lung volumes, including FRC, is required to make a definitive diagnosis of restrictive lung disease. Perspectives on Incentive Spirometry Utility and Patient Protocols. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. You may have low oxygen levels after surgery or a serious illness, and an incentive spirometer helps you achieve a normal oxygen level. It is about 80 percent of total capacity, or 4.8 liters, because some air remains in your lungs after you exhale. (2015). Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. ICInspiratory capacity; the maximal volume of air that can be inhaled from the resting expiratory level. Your result is considered normal if your score is 80 percent or more of the predicted value. Heres whats considered a low ratio: Spirometry produces a graph that shows your flow of air over time. This kind of infection can spread from person to person through the air. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Get more information here on COPD pathophysiology, or the, Having COPD may not put you at a higher risk of getting COVID-19. Pursuing basic and translational research across 9 programs and 100+ labs, Focusing on clinical cancer research and population health, Bridging the lab and the clinic through translational research, Fostering interdisciplinary collaborations between laboratory scientists and clinicians, Partnering with other academic and research institutions, Offering state-of-the-art resources for our researchers, Offering a curriculum with a focus on cancer, Connecting college seniors to future careers in biomedicine. This slider can be used to set a target breath volume. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. It quickly identifies patients with airway obstruction in whom the FVC is reduced, and it identifies the cause of a low FEV1. The indicator helps you to remember the volume of air you have achieved. If the absolute FEV1/FVC ratio is normal or increased, a restrictive ventilatory impairment may be present. Please do not use it to ask about your care. Pneumothorax Caused by Aggressive Use of an Incentive Spirometer in a Patient With Emphysema. The Airlife brand also has brightly colored versions intended for pediatric use. This can help you track your progress over time and also help your doctor understand your progress. Spirometry normal values and how to read your test results, atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/rccm.201908-1590ST, thoracic.org/patients/patient-resources/resources/pulmonary-function-tests.pdf, nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/pulmonary-function-tests, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4502201/, choosingwisely.org/patient-resources/spirometry-for-asthma/, nationaljewish.org/treatment-programs/tests-procedures/pulmonary-physiology/pulmonary-function/spirometry, cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html, FEV1 and COPD: How to Interpret Your Results, What a Spirometry Test Score Can Tell You About Your COPD, Peloton Recalls Pedals After Multiple Injuries: What to Know, Your Guide to Having Allergies and Asthma, 14 Natural Ways to Help Treat Severe Asthma, Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT, Parsing Fact from Fiction: Asthma and Cold Drinks, Asthma Medication and Suicidal Thoughts: Understanding the FDAs Warning for Singulair, What to Know About Steroid Medications for Asthma, is greater than or equal to the lower limit of normal, restrictive lung disease, such as interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. The package your incentive spirometer came in should also have a chart. (2018). In this article, well look at who might benefit from using an incentive spirometer, break down how spirometers work, and explain how to interpret the results. If you live with breathing difficulties, a lung cleanse may help. Your doctor will ask you to take a deep breath and then blow out into the mouthpiece on the spirometer as hard and fast as you can. Detach the mouthpiece from the base of the device and clean it with clean running water and antibacterial soap for about 20 seconds. With cancer, where you get treated first matters. All rights reserved. 4 What is the capacity of the Airlife spirometer? How often you will need to use your incentive spirometer is different for everyone. Airlife Spirometer Instructions **An incentive volumetric spirometer is a . If it does not stay between the arrows, youre breathing in either too fast or too slow. Try to get the piston to rise as high as you can. Sit on the edge of your bed if possible. The Airlife Spirometer has either a 2500 or 4000 milliliter air volume capacity, and a coaching indicator to let users know if they are breathing too fast or too slow. Kumar AS, Alaparthi GK, Augustine AJ, et al. Keeping the lungs active with a spirometer is thought to lower the risk of developing complications like atelectasis, pneumonia, bronchospasms, and respiratory failure. According to a. BMC Pulmonary Medicine. In this case, stop immediately and tell your doctor. Your FEV1 will fall between 50 percent and 79 percent of the predicted normal values with an FEV1/FVC of less than 70 percent. Copyright 2023 American Academy of Family Physicians. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Normal lungs generally can empty more than 80 percent of their volume in six seconds or less. Breathe in through your mouth as slowly and deeply as you can, causing the piston or ball to rise toward the top of the chamber. You can hold your nose if you have trouble. It helps you maintain your lung strength, or it helps your lungs get stronger after an injury or illness. A diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is based on a variety of things, from symptoms to family history. One of the pitfalls of using this type of spirometer is that it must be calibrated for temperature and water vapor. slide on the left side of the spirometer to the correct level for you. In addition, using it correctly can also help your diaphragm function better over time. The breathing tube is connected to . You can use the chart to set your goal based on your age, height, and sex. If youre able to get out of bed, walk around often. $12.99. The patient is instructed to breathe as hard and fast as possible for 12 seconds. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. The glycemic index (GI) is a value used to measure how much a specific food increases your blood sugar levels. This article reviews the indications for use of spirometry, provides a stepwise approach to its interpretation, and indicates when additional tests are warranted. You will feel some resistance as you perform this task. One of the primary spirometry measurements is FVC, which is the greatest total amount of air you can forcefully breathe out after breathing in as deeply as possible. Write down your score each time you use your spirometer. Once you can get out of bed safely, take frequent short walks and practice coughing. The clinical context of the test is important because parameters in patients with mild disease can overlap with values in healthy persons.26 Normal spirometry values may vary, and interpretation of results relies on the parameters used. To measure FVC, the patient inhales maximally, then exhales as rapidly and as completely as possible. The forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) is the volume of air exhaled in the first second of the FVC maneuver. These numbers measure the volume of your breath in milliliters (mL) or cubic centimeters (cc). If the indicator stays below the lower arrow, it means youre breathing in too slow. Kenny J-ES, Kuschner WG. Respiratory Care. An incentive spirometer (spy-rom-uh-ter) is a simple, plastic medical device that exercises your lungs. This means your breath is steady and controlled. Keeping your lungs active during your recovery will help prevent lung infections, such as pneumonia (noo-MOH-nyuh). Appointments 216.444.6503 Appointments & Locations Request an Appointment 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) is measured in litres per minute. This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. FeV1/FVC ratio is important as this ratio is decreased in obstructive lung diseases. (2016). It is expressed as percentage. Normal values in healthy males aged 20-60 range from 4.5 to 3.5 liters, and normal values for females aged 20-60 range from 3.25 to 2.5 liters. This may help reduce pain. Doctors use spirometry tests to diagnose these conditions: They also allow your doctor to monitor chronic lung conditions to check whether your current treatment is improving your breathing. Normal person can exhale 83 to 85%of FVC in 1 second (so FeV1 is 83 to 85%), 93% in 2 seconds (FeV2 is 93%) and 97% in 3 seconds (FeY3 is 97%). Amanda Goldfarb became a freelance writer in 2006. An incentive spirometer is a handheld medical device that measures the volume of your breath. Using an incentive spirometer reduces pulmonary complications in patients with traumatic rib fractures: a randomized controlled trial. Repeat steps 1 to 8 at least 10 times. How to properly use an incentive spirometer. Theyll consider factors like other health conditions you may have as well as your current physical condition when it comes to rehabilitation therapy such as exercise. In order to accurately calculate the volume of inspired air it is important to keep a tight seal intact. The group of healthy elderly study subjects consisted of 1,125 individuals, with a mean age of 68 years, ranging from 47 to 96 years of age. Your doctor might give you a spirometer to take home after leaving the hospital after surgery. The sources cited below consist of evidence from peer-reviewed journals, prominent medical organizations, academic associations, and government data. Your result is considered "normal" if your score is 80 percent or more of the predicted value. Its used to help diagnose and measure breathing difficulties, like shortness of breath, cough, or mucus production. 4. Brusasco V, et al. If you're a patient at MSK and you need to reach a provider after. Average normal values in healthy males aged 20-60 range from 5.5 to 4.75 liters, and average normal values for females aged 20-60 range from 3.75 to 3.25 liters. Policy. However, to make a definitive diagnosis of restrictive lung disease, the patient should be referred to a pulmonary laboratory for static lung volumes. Reference Source: Gender: Make sure the incentive spirometer is dry before your next use. The incentive spirometer is made up of a breathing tube, an air chamber, and an indicator. Aggressive use of an incentive spirometer can lead to lung damage. We always believe that one's character decides products' quality, the details decides products' quality ,with the REALISTIC,EFFICIENT AND INNOVATIVE team spirit for Airlife Spirometer Normal Range, Exterior Catheter , Blakemore Catheter , Vacuum Drainage System Wound Care , Volcano Ivus Catheter . This device measures your lung function and records the results, which are also displayed on a graph. It does this by measuring how much air goes in and how much goes out as you breathe. A respiratory infection is an infection in your nose, throat, or lungs, such as pneumonia or COVID-19. Technology advancements have made spirometry much more reliable and relatively simple to incorporate into a routine office visit. If you have any questions, contact a member of your care team directly. IRVInspiratory reserve volume; the maximal volume of air inhaled from end-inspiration. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd., all rights reserved. The ball should stay static in the middle of the indicator through the duration of the breath. // Leaf Group Lifestyle, Cleveland Clinic: How To Use an Incentive Spirometer. Use the indicator to guide your breathing. What is normal range for incentive spirometer? Repeat testing should continue until the criteria are met or until eight tests have been performed.26. Try again at a later time. Spirometry is a test to see how well your lungs work. While a variety of illnesses can spread through the air, the gravest concern at present is the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. Go slowly. The piston in the main chamber of the spirometer rises upward along the grid as you breathe in. If you smoke, avoid smoking for at least 1 hour before the test. Sitting up straight allows your lungs to expand fully. ), Recent eye surgery (increases in intraocular pressure during spirometry), Recent myocardial infarction or unstable angina, Thoracic aneurysms (risk of rupture because of increased thoracic pressure). Spirometry is a powerful tool that can be used to detect, follow, and manage patients with lung disorders. Some insurance companies may cover the cost of a spirometer. If you cant, sit up as far as you can in bed. In most cases, office spirometry provides an adequate assessment of pulmonary function. At Healthfully, we strive to deliver objective content that is accurate and up-to-date. All rights reserved. By using the incentive spirometer every 1 to 2 hours, or as instructed by your nurse or doctor, you can take an active role in your recovery and keep your lungs healthy. However, there is some evidence that it can help people after surgery because it can keep the lungs active during bed rest. One-Time Purchase. (2015). This helps prevent lung problems, such as pneumonia. Rest for a few seconds, and then repeat the first five steps at least 10 times every hour youre awake. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references. Our highly-specialized educational programs shape leaders to be at the forefront of cancer care and research. Financial impact of incentive spirometry. Monday to Friday, 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. (Eastern time), Monday to Friday, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. (Eastern time). If symptoms persist, contact your doctor.
Is Will Chesney Navy Seal Married,
Riviera Theatre Seating Chart,
Robin Harris Funeral,
Stranger Things 3 Game Murray's Warehouse Buttons,
Articles A
airlife spirometer normal range