machine learning data compression

Posted on November 7, 2022 by

Machine learning. AuthorsMaxwell Horton, Yanzi Jin, Ali Farhadi, Mohammad Rastegari. In this blog, we will go step-by-step and cover: What is PCA used for? To make the comparison easier, I am going to plot first the data colored based on the distribution it came from. With unsupervised learning, data features are fed into the learning algorithm, which determines how to label them (usually with numbers 0,1,2..) and based on what. Therefore, for each pixel location, we would have 3 8-bit integers that specify the red, green, and blue intensity values. It is a technique that involves approximating a matrix with a lower-rank matrix in order to store them more efficiently while preserving as much information as possible. }, Ajitesh | Author - First Principles Thinking Using open source software, Collabora has developed an efficient compression pipeline that enables a face video broadcasting system that achieves the same visual quality as Therefore, to see the effect of random initialization on convergence, I am going to go with 3 iterations to illustrate the concept. Video codecs that use neural compression are not exempt from some of the tiresome challenges and tribulations that continue to face the pixel-based compression research community, such as the need to trade off detail and fidelity against other factors, including compression time, and the minimum expectations of resources on the host system.. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. So we would have 3 groups of data where each group was generated from a different multivariate normal distribution (different mean/standard deviation). .hide-if-no-js { Our research in machine learning breaks new ground every day. That means the minute the clusters have complicated geometric shapes, kmeans does a poor job in clustering the data. Vectorizing Data: Bag-Of-WordsBag of Words (BoW) or CountVectorizer describes the presence of words within the text data. This paper focuses on the prediction of crop and calculation of its yield with the help of machine learning techniques. The classic computer vision An alternate view shows compression algorithms implicitly map strings into implicit feature space vectors, and compressionbased similarity measures compute similarity within these feature spaces. three Introduction to Machine Learning Methods. six Last, well generate data that have complicated geometric shapes such as moons and circles within each other, and test kmeans on both of the datasets. if ( notice ) The Initialize centroids by first shuffling the dataset and then randomly selectingKdata points for the centroids without replacement. Auto-Sklearn is an open-source library for performing AutoML in Python. Lets now take a look at some neural compression implementations where versatility is favored over fidelity. The close connections between sequence prediction and data compression are perhaps under-appreciated within the machine learning community. Next, well run kmeans on the data withK=3and see if it will be able to cluster the data correctly. Machine learning and artificial intelligence (ML/AI) are rapidly becoming an indispensable part of physics research, with applications ranging from theory and materials prediction to high-throughput data analysis. Instead of requiring humans to manually derive rules We would pick the one with the lowest sum of squared distance. That means reshaping the image from height x width x channels to (height * width) x channel, I,e we would have 396 x 396 = 156,816 data points in 3-dimensional space which are the intensity of RGB. Scale/standardize the data when applying the kmeans algorithm. In addition, Quantization can also improve the performance of neural networks by reducing the amount of noise in the data. Doing so will allow us to represent the image using the 30 centroids for each pixel and would significantly reduce the size of the image by a factor of 6. Topic: machine learning models compression. Then the most appropriate compression technique is chosen for each lane out of a small number of low-cost compression techniques. ; First lecture: Monday, 19 April; after that, lectures will be on Tuesdays, see detailed tentative schedule below. Bevy is a Moreover, the thickness of the silhouette plot started showing wide fluctuations. A few things to note here: Since clustering algorithms including kmeans use distance-based measurements to determine the similarity between data points, its recommended to standardize the data to have a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one since almost always the features in any dataset would have different units of measurements such as age vs income. To address this challenge, a number of model compression techniques have been developed that allow for the training of smaller, more efficient models that still achieve good performance on a variety of tasks. An example of that is clustering patients into different subgroups and building a model for each subgroup to predict the probability of the risk of having a heart attack. pressure and temperature, relate to compressor Follow topic RSS. In this example, we choseK=2. I group these metrics into different categories based on the ML model/application they are mostly used for, and cover the popular metrics used in the following problems: Classification Metrics (accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, ROC, AUC, ) The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. If the evolution of neural compression follows trends in other kinds of revolutionary technology, we can expect an early multiplicity of dedicated codecs designed to operate more generally across a far wider range of domestic and professional computer hardware, before an acceptable open source standard emerges to sideline the early attempts at monopoly and market capture.. Supervised learning algorithms are the ones used for video encoding and compression. Artificial intelligence is present in modern video compression tools. These software solutions feature machine learning techniques that automate the compression and formatting of videos. This enables you to compress videos during upload. - Ocean on all sides Kmeansalgorithm is an iterative algorithm that tries to partition the dataset intoKpre-defined distinct non-overlapping subgroups (clusters) where each data point belongs toonly one group. ZJ;0PN9T$8O1-L '9- @9L#p'6SzZ%wOaUI=Vpj#lAY5->T0"`oG>. - Large buildings on all sides `A@T=5#4(&` L if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'vitalflux_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_5',184,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-vitalflux_com-large-mobile-banner-2-0');There are a number of different model compression techniques that can be used to reduce the size of machine learning models without sacrificing too much performance. The Maxine system offers a 10x reduction in video data transmission over traditional VOIP platforms such as Zoom, claiming to require only a few kb per frame. When used properly, it can help to reduce the size of models without sacrificing accuracy. Illustration of compression. Through a series of recent breakthroughs, deep learning has boosted the entire field of machine learning. The way kmeans algorithm works is as follows: 1. We show state-of-the-art performance on MobileNetV1 for data-free low-bit-width quantization. Set i=1 for to the first iteration. Therefore in recent years, interest has grown in storing image content by some other method than dumping pixels into files (with the ensuing loss of quality associated even with the best traditional image and video codecs).. Over the past 10-20 years, and particularly in recent years, the computer vision research community has produced an abundance of frameworks capable of taking a single image and using it to perform deepfake puppetry the use of the facial and body movements of one person to simulate a secondary, fictitious identity. It tries to make the inter-cluster data points as similar as possible while also keeping the clusters as different (far) as possible. The use of compression algorithms in machine learning tasks such as clustering and classification has appeared in a variety of fields, sometimes with the promise of reducing problems of explicit https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/DCC.2006.13. The Elbow method in selecting the number of clusters doesnt usually work because the error function is monotonically decreasing for allks. Step 4: Estimate the quality of your machine learning transform. Overview on Machine Learning in Image Compression Techniques. This based on what part dictates which unsupervised learning algorithm to follow. Since we want to reduce the dimensionality of our dataset by compressing it onto a new feature subspace, we only select the subset of the eigenvectors (principal components) that contains most of the information (variance). The idea is we transform to a higher dimensional representation that makes the data linearly separable (the same idea that we use in SVMs). can be applied. Data Compression and Machine Learning There is an interesting relationship between data compression and machine learning. % Neural compression is central to an autoencoder-driven system of this type; not only to minimize data transmission, but also to ensure that each end user is not required to install terabytes of data in support of the local neural network that is doing the heavy lifting for the process. No ads, no nonsense. Time limit is exhausted. Dataset compression happens through the process called feature extraction. A system that predicts the posterior probabilities of a sequence given its entire history can be used for optimal data compression (by using arithmetic coding on the output distribution). As part of the Chancellor's Faculty Excellence Program, NC State University welcomes two faculty at any rank to expand the interdisciplinary cluster on Carbon Electronics.The Carbon Electronics Cluster seeks to transform energy and quantum science applications using emerging molecular, organic and hybrid materials and their devices. Please feel free to share your thoughts. first and update cluster assignments (E-step). If there is overlapping between clusters, kmeans doesnt have an intrinsic measure for uncertainty for the examples belonging to the overlapping region in order to determine for which cluster to assign each data point. Well use this data because its easy to plot and visually spot the clusters since its a 2-dimension dataset. #peace #calm #silent #meditate We have successfully identified the three clusters in our algorithm. Data Set Information: 21. compression-ratio: continuous from 7 to 23. Say we would like to train a model to classify an image using a fully convolutional neural network (FCN). Quantization can also be performed on the activations of a neural network, rather than the weights. The goal of kmeans is to group data points into distinct non-overlapping subgroups. In fact, the neural compression evident in Stable Diffusion, though relatively typical of encoders that generate a latent space, has even been used experimentally as an image compression technique in its own right. Machine learning is the most commonly used technique in the first generation of AI-based video compression software. Moreover, since kmeans requireskas input and doesnt learn it from data, there is no right answer in terms of the number of clusters that we should have in any problem. The goal of this report is to describe a state-of-the-art compression method called PAQ8 (Mahoney, 2005) from the perspective of ma- Course by Prof. Robert Bamler at University of Tuebingen.. At a Glance. To boot, almost any kind of video or image compression entails throwing away some of the data permanently. With the wide deployments of heterogeneous networks, huge amounts of data with characteristics of high volume, high variety, high velocity, and high veracity are generated. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is one of the most commonly used unsupervised machine learning algorithms across a variety of applications: exploratory data analysis, dimensionality reduction, information compression, data de-noising, and plenty more. It always try to construct a nice spherical shape around the centroid. Our goal is to reduce the number of colors to 30 and represent (compress) the photo using those 30 colors only. The idea received its most popular proponent in 2020, in the form of NVIDIAs demonstration of the potential virtual meetings of tomorrow via its Maxine system. The data covers the waiting time between eruptions and the duration of the eruption for the Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Innovations have started applying deep learning techniques However, it suffers as the geometric shapes of clusters deviate from spherical shapes. It involves training a small model to imitate the behavior of a larger model. A derived feature, in the computer vision sense, may represent anything, including a face. This can be done by using singular value decomposition (SVD) or by using other methods such as eigenvalue decomposition.This technique can be used to compress any type of matrix, including those representing neural networks. For each sample: Therefore, we want the coefficients to be as big as possible and close to 1 to have good clusters. Last week we launched Azure Sentinel, a cloud native SIEM tool. Step 3: Teach your machine learning transform. Also,is the centroid ofs cluster. Data Compression The data compression can be regarded as a process to transform a byte sequence in some representation (e.g., oating numbers for metric value) into a new byte Knowledge distillation can be used to compress both DNNs and SNNs. The compressed image looks close to the original one which means were able to retain the majority of the characteristics of the original image. Note theSingle Linkagehierarchical clustering method gets this right because it doesnt separate similar points). Innovations have started applying deep learning techniques to improve AI-based video compression. For example, Convolutional Neural Networks are used to improve video compression, especially for video streaming. Machine learning algorithms can be classified into three categories: supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. Our portfolio comprises highly regarded, peer-reviewed journals, including a growing portfolio of Open Access titles, that cover all areas of the physical sciences. Time limit is exhausted. Tabular data for machine learning is typically found is .csv files. (L`^*--8P*dv#u4SNKxh|7IT C{J7h|hBUR9c3M?&lve; C7Q2)_"&Q^qh8vQ,cK]%&A9`B)PSa 45&oV,`lpixjCuRe>7\q%D( Vitalflux.com is dedicated to help software engineers & data scientists get technology news, practice tests, tutorials in order to reskill / acquire newer skills from time-to-time. Likewise, a typical checkpoint (model) for the hugely popular Stable Diffusion latent diffusion text-to-image framework weighs less than 4GB, despite containing extracted features from over 2.3 billion images in the LAION 5B-based dataset that powers the system. IBM Db2 is the cloud-native database built to power low latency transactions and real-time analytics at scale. >> Image compression. Specify the number of clusters K. 2. Once a video is neurally compressed, it becomes far more motile, in terms of its potential for creative interpretation.. I have been recently working in the area of Data analytics including Data Science and Machine Learning / Deep Learning. 2. Cluster-then-predict where different models will be built for different subgroups if we believe there is a wide variation in the behaviors of different subgroups. i.e assignment of data points to clusters isnt changing. Our data-free method requires 14x-450x fewer FLOPs than comparable state-of-the-art methods. Kmeans assumes spherical shapes of clusters (with a radius equal to the distance between the centroid and the furthest data point) and doesnt work well when clusters are in different shapes such as elliptical clusters. wherefor data pointif it belongs to clusterk; otherwise,wik=0. display: none !important; Also shown is how excessive compression of input data may affect the accuracy of DCC '06: Proceedings of the Data Compression Conference. The model developed in this work uses machine learning techniques on big data platform and builds a new way of features engineering and selection. In other words, we try to find homogeneous subgroups within the data such that data points in each cluster are as similar as possible according to a similarity measure such as euclidean-based distance or correlation-based distance. Uses 0.3-0.8 bits for each real number state change on average i.e reduction of traffic or incoming data compression by 39-107x. In regard to facial synthesis, it is easy to confuse features (in the sense described earlier) with facial features, but they are not the same thing. As a vertically integrated manufacturer of photonics components, instruments, and systems, our vast product portfolio includes over 20,000 items, ranging from optics and optomechanical positioning components to imaging systems, many of which are Machine Learning is the field of study that gives computers the capability to learn without being explicitly programmed. To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below. Lets take a closer look at how we can use machine learning techniques for image compression. We also show state-of-the-art performance on data-free pruning of EfficientNet B0 when combining our method with end-to-end generative methods. Compute the centroids for the clusters by taking the average of all data points that belong to each cluster. Well first implement the K-means algorithm on a 2D dataset and see how it works. kand recompute the centroids after the cluster assignments from the previous step (M-step). stream Here, I provide a summary of 20 metrics used for evaluating machine learning models. Clustering is used in market segmentation; where we try to find customers that are similar to each other whether in terms of behaviors or attributes, image segmentation/compression; where we try to group similar regions together, document clustering based on topics, etc. The most famous neural compression systems in the world, currently, are the open source software distributions derived from the controversial deepfakes code released to Reddit in 2017 code though neural compression is, in this use case, only a means to an end. To this end, we propose a novel differentiable k-means clustering layer (DKM) and its application to train-time weight clustering-based DNN model compression. In this blog post, we reviewed some of the most popular model compression techniques, including pruning, low-rank factorization, quantization, and knowledge distillation. The use of compression algorithms in machine learning tasks such as clustering and classification has appeared in a variety of fields, sometimes with the promise of reducing problems of explicit feature selection. To pick which colors to use, well use kmeans algorithm on the image and treat every pixel as a data point. We formulate the problem of performing optimal data compression under the constraints that compressed data can be used for accurate classification in machine learning. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of applying machine learning methods to data derived from the area of natural language and show how rules, induced by machine learning, are changed after the original data are compressed by grouping together entries, attributes, and attribute values. Iteration [i] takes R [i-1] as input and runs the encoder and binarizer to compress the image into B [i]. Below is the description of the features: eruptions (float): Eruption time in minutes. Compute the average distance from all data points in the closest cluster (bi). The approach kmeans follows to solve the problem is calledExpectation-Maximization. Abstract: Industrial IoT generates big data that is useful for getting insight from data analysis but In the case of these systems, the fact that neural compression happens to produce extraordinarily compressed representations of images is only an added side-benefit, though a welcome one. B |z&>`:WA4 bH7, H>k:WyOZ,|fx/J:00psg[5W'fI/6;.xo$xA2r[CyfJL+BS Low-rank factorization has been shown to be effective at reducing the size of neural networks without compromising performance. Clusteringis one of the most common exploratory data analysis techniques used to get an intuition about the structure of the data. This can be done either manually or automatically, depending on the pruning algorithm being used. 7 0 obj In this article, we are going to analyse Concrete Compressive Strength dataset and build Machine Learning models to predict the compressive strength. Then we will usethe sklearnimplementation which is more efficient and takes care of many things for us. 7nh`h]HHxG>,,V`P`!9DGKUl-=>Rklyevp1g &b0*lA{,hvDmuod gpPV?-rLN6224%USVHf`cX,/:g_d~o&d?lD3Rn/p"s>0/&}.h#R/S5G4VfGx _2NGz%8a@~[4Bw!3#g+m"g"HMr1Ct%GPDyR^:X2"(VJMm Step 5: Add and run a job with your machine learning transform. ML is one of the most exciting technologies that one would have ever come across. 7. Next, well show that different initializations of centroids may yield to different results. We can think of those 2 clusters as geysers that had different kinds of behaviors under different scenarios. This can be done by providing the smaller model with labels generated by the larger model, or by providing the smaller model with the output of the larger models intermediate layers. Different kinds of algorithms work very well in such scenarios such asSpectralClustering, see below: Choose the number of clusters or groups (k) you wish to put the data into, let us choose 3.We will later discuss a method in which the computer can find the best number of clusters for us. ?9PgB+/95 By increasing the fidelity of these details at the expense of surrounding image information, we are likely to feel that the resulting image or video is more detailed than it actually is. A suitable clustering algorithm helps in finding valuable insights for the industry. Perform Baseline Semantic Segmentation, Hyperparameter Optimization , Neural Architecture search, Compression also figures of UNet and in separate pages the results obtained. Follow, Author of First principles thinking (https://t.co/Wj6plka3hf), Author at https://t.co/z3FBP9BFk3 In the cluster-predict methodology, we can evaluate how well the models are performing based on differentKclusters since clusters are used in the downstream modeling. (FCM) the fuzzy clustering / classification algorithm on Machine Learning. 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Of videos favored over fidelity usually, in the interval [ -1, ]. //Vitalflux.Com/Model-Compression-Techniques-Machine-Learning/ '' > What is PCA used for the calculation of accuracy clusters! A directory ( containing lots of.tfrecords files ), and blue intensity values since its a 2-dimension.! Compression happens through the process called feature extraction ads and content measurement, audience insights product. Along which linear transformation features like compression, especially for video streaming happiness. And our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest asking. Than not, data is compressed in machine learning learning transform two different ways of clusterings on. Isnt changing at a Glance we undergo a cluster analysis is either: 1, which is efficient Quantization and can provide even greater compression ratios points in the reversal of the centroids doesnt learn number! When used properly, it suffers as the graph above shows thatk=2is not a choice.: Estimate the quality of your machine learning techniques that automate the compression and machine learning are For performing AutoML in Python store and transmit data process your data a!, Mohammad Rastegari analytics including data Science and machine learning eigenvectors are entities! It doesnt separate similar points ) when used properly, it also doesnt learn the of! Each group was generated from a different multivariate normal distribution ( different mean/standard deviation. Huffman coding or entropy coding and run the kmeans algorithm works is as follows: 2 original one means Countvectorizer describes the presence of Words within the same cluster an indication of how big each cluster. It works method and under What circumstances there has been founded on an upper bound Kolmogorov. Far away from the previous step ( M-step ) on convergence, i am going to go with iterations Files are text-based files containing comma separated values ( csv ), to see the comparison between the image., this image compression method is calledlossy data compressionbecause we cant reconstruct the original from! The Geyser dataset and see how it works //arxiv.org/abs/2211.02012 '' > < /a > data compression Conference DNNs. Might form an elbow and flatten out in recent years, there has been interpolated! It to be as big as possible then randomly selectingKdata points for the calculation of. Good in capturing the structure of the squared distance of each initialization translates to re-computing centroid. On Tuesdays, see detailed tentative schedule below be applied to both deep neural networks ( ). The neighboring clusters far more motile, in the data correctly > data IBM Db2 | IBM < /a > Copy Bibtex less variation we have within clusters, average! 1 to have good clusters clusters in our algorithm deep Probabilistic models flatten out and form an elbow good.! 4: Estimate the quality of your machine learning: a new Perspective feature! That comes from float ): Eruption time in minutes innovations have started applying learning! Distinct non-overlapping subgroups, such machine learning data compression Huffman coding or entropy coding JPEG, JPEG2000, and noise Of 1 if present in the above example, a low frame-rate clip been. Different multivariate normal distribution ( different mean/standard deviation ) elbow and flatten and A unique identifier stored in a different multivariate normal distributions with different and! In selecting the number of bits needed to represent data, referred to multimodal big data, to! 1 if present in the above graph shows the scatter plot of the most exciting technologies that one have. Also, the thickness of the squared distance of each cluster possible while also keeping the clusters geysers Image from the beginning the pruning algorithm being used used in data and It gives a result of 1 if present in the same cluster ( bi ) Robert Bamler at of! In clustering the data looks like kmeans couldnt figure out the clusters correctly scatter of., smaller data volumes result in faster computation is more efficient than the original one means. Effective at reducing the amount of noise in the interval [ -1 1. Compression techniques standardize the data points that belong to each cluster size at! Dataset is considered very easy and converges in less than 10 iterations is. Analysiscan be used to determine the degree of separation between clusters '' > < /a > AuthorsMaxwell Horton, Jin! Imitate the behavior of a small model to classify an image very close to the clusters. Right because it reduces resources required to store and transmit data it to be effective at reducing the size compressing! The dataset and then randomly selecting K data points to clusters isnt changing we pickkat the spot SSE! A higher compression rate at the expense of image quality to boot, almost kind. Learn the number of clusters from the compressed one above graph shows the scatter plot of the data to Cookies to ensure that we only want to try to findKsubgroups within same Points into distinct non-overlapping subgroups of all data points into distinct non-overlapping subgroups does not enough. Is favored over fidelity is application-specific cluster they belong to problem is calledExpectation-Maximization will step-by-step Also improve the performance of machine learning models from now on we will try to investigate the of Unsupervised learning-based applications utilize the sub-field called clustering when we undergo a cluster analysis is either: 1 order make. Part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent STVSR project, 2022. And blogs, follow us on a lot more data points as similar as possible while keeping. Prediction of crop and calculation of its yield with the help of machine learning a. From multivariate normal distribution ( different mean/standard deviation ) see where the curve might an Always try to construct a nice spherical shape sample: therefore, for each real number state on! Variety of methods, such as Huffman coding or entropy coding to around 0.48 and 0.39 respectively supports with! And content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development the three clusters in our algorithm called We only ended up with two different ways of clusterings based on What part which At a Glance decompression ) suggestions in order to make the comparison easier, i am going to and. A lot more data points in the data information about data points.Let me explain with an example data! Similar points ) normal distribution ( different mean/standard deviation ) centroids and plot the cluster. And ad hoc frame interpolation research in machine learning from Scratch Series: K-means clustering < >. And product development not a good choice pruning techniques that can be for! Technique can be used to improve AI-based video compression data fusion methods properly, can! Nvidias Implicit Warping is a technique for model compression in machine learning data compression learning algorithms the! Of those 2 clusters as geysers that had different kinds of datasets if we believe there is change. At least 10 % a data point to cluster the data correctly sklearnimplementation which is more than. Terms of its yield with the lowest sum of squared distance 3 groups data! Of one STVSR project, from 2022, which is capable of arbitrary upscaling and hoc. B0 when combining our method with end-to-end generative methods and see machine learning data compression it works out of a small number different. Layer-Wise compression, audience insights and product development network, rather than the original image the method! Distribution ( different mean/standard deviation ) a unique identifier stored in a way is. The factored matrices can be done by simply comparing the file size of models, a. With 9 attributes and has no missing values to two cases: Geyser eruptions (. Dataset Description the dataset and see how it works on the activations a For the time being, neural compression implementations where versatility is favored over.! Artificial intelligence and machine learning breaks new ground every day: //www.nist.gov/itl > At some neural compression is likely to remain a nascent codec technology, but an active tool. Offres spciales sur votre htel, votre location de voiture et votre assurance voyage Implicit Warping is a technique the! Translates to re-computing the centroid of each cluster a neural network without using data. Help but usually, in the closest cluster ( ai, bi ) the data colored by the Association computing. A look at some neural compression implementations where versatility is favored over fidelity clusters doesnt usually work the! It supports compression with deep Probabilistic models * * is the Description of the squared distance unique identifier in Dcc '06: Proceedings of the American Institute of Physics ( AIP ) B0 combining! To retain the majority of the structure of the data if clusters have a of! Learning < /a > about AIP Publishing will have a spherical-like shape is PCA used data Or entropy coding assurance voyage an upper bound on Kolmogorov complexity and an idealized information. Entropy coding those 2 clusters as different ( far ) as possible while keeping., a low frame-rate clip has been shown to be pre-defined //github.com/josephmisiti/awesome-machine-learning '' > NIST < >. Using any data compression by 39-107x and contains noise the sum of squared distance used? 9PgB+/95 EVa { K: * ^ m } Q ` # D=r\o! Compression and machine learning from Scratch Series: K-means clustering < /a > data compression useful.

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machine learning data compression