danger close 155mm artillery

The Next Generation 155mm Artillery Ammunition Family will include three new projectiles, the XM1113 High Explosive Rocket Assist Projectile, the XM1122E1 High Explosive Projectile and the XM1128 High Explosive Base Bleed. In close air support, artillery, mortar, and naval gunfire support fires, it is the term included in the method of engagement segment of a call for fire which indicates that friendly forces are within close proximity of the target. 539K views, 5.6K likes, 0 loves, 719 comments, 2.9K shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Funker530 - Military Community: **DANGER CLOSE** This is what it feels like to have friendly 155mm air burst. Privacy Policy. Key to this trust relationship is successful shared experiences and training, which is difficult to attain if training does not address the situation occurring in combat.8 This relationship often begins in training and is more important in combat. The Danger Close distance is always the Standing RED for Air to Surface fires, but is always 600m for indirect Surface to Surface fires, regardless of the actual RED. During an address to the students at the Naval Postgraduate School on 7 June 2012, Special Operations Commander ADM William McRaven emphasized that military leaders should take and accept risks and be prepared to fail in an effort to learn from experience. He said, Danger-close missions require effective communication and trust between the firing element or CAS platform and the observer.7 SSG Pitts highlighted one of the relationships based on trust that is built in training and becomes tightly interwoven with other relationships in close combat. The 8-inch howitzer was the most accurate artillery weapon system in the US Army's arsenal. Some could argue that these two risks will combine to compound the risk further, but assuming this danger-close fire mission will disrupt the risk from enemy fires in exchange for the risk from our own ordnance is a more accurate assessment. Second, the purpose of the fire mission is psychological, meaning the fires can disrupt the enemy and change the decision cycle of the enemy commander who may have thought that our force would be unwilling to conduct fire missions that close. Launch Systems, Control Actuator Systems, Rocket Motor Cases, Pressure Vessels and Launch Tubes. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Many units are organized in small elements such as platoon-sized outposts, Special Forces teams, Afghan army and police outposts, and village stability operations that all assume the risk of facing an enemy with the capability to mass and possibly overwhelm them. The projectiles are loaded with insensitive high explosives and include enhanced effects on target. The tactics of maneuver warfare suggest forcing the enemy to compromise between the organic fires from the element on the ground and the fires from above. Moore concluded that the danger-close missions gave us the edge at precisely the moment we needed it.. For the previous example of a GBU-38, JFIRE reveals the 0.1 percent PI distance for this bomb is anything 185 meters and closer, which is based on the unrealistic assumptions outlined in the manual. Danger-close fires are not a simple weapon and ammunition relationship, but a command decision that weighs many factors. The Next Generation 155mm Artillery Ammunition Family will include three new projectiles, the XM1113 High Explosive Rocket Assist Projectile, the XM1122E1 High Explosive Projectile and the XM1128 High Explosive Base Bleed. Artillery gives depth to the battlefield. Simple approaches to combat situations can be useful, but they often lead us to create simple training focused on risk avoidance, which does not teach young leaders how to mitigate risks in combat. The PSA about danger close is important for people to know. However, a well-trained combat leader should have the mindset of refusing to cede any advantage to the enemy. This absolves the pilot of the responsibility of the decision when he is following the order from the commander on the ground. We assume the enemy desires close battle to negate our advantage of external assets, namely aerial and cannon fires. My mouth was open in Awe, when I said holy F****G shit" Thankfully no one was badly inju. When the 7th Battalion (Bn), 15th Artillery (Arty) prepared for deployment to Vietnam in late 1966, it was armed with 8-inch Self-Propelled (SP) Howitzers designated as the US Army model M110. The supported maneuver commander submitting the fire request is responsible for the decision to call for fires when those fires are less than minimum safe distances to friendly positions. The manuals abstractly approach the weapon and ammunition as a system, but even with the advent of modern technology, a person with a beating heart and a thinking mind is still pulling the trigger. Mortars were 4.2inch caliber. Second, trust and mutual understanding are built in training, expanded through combat experience, and vitally important to small units engaged in close battle. MAJ Bernard Harrington, an AH-64D Apache pilot who served as the operations officer for Task Force Outfront during Operation Enduring Freedom VIII, said, Our TPMR (technique, pattern, munitions, and range) crew brief is vital to mitigate risk when engaging danger close.5 In addition to the selected munitions and range of engagements, aviators can apply specific techniques, such as diving fire to reduce dispersion and the risk of ricochet, dependent on the terrain. General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems is a global aerospace and defense company. We must first conceptualize our training based on combat, mitigate and accept risk in training as we would in combat, then address range restrictions and prudently modify restrictions as necessary. For a 155 round, anything under 600m is considered danger close. Caution should be used when firing ICM in danger close situations as an ICM . This is the purpose of training, and commanders must view training risks and combat risks over time as well as in singular events. All three projectiles are currently in development by the U.S. Army with the assistance of General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems and will be built to U.S. specifications. Strictly for actual danger close situations. While there are many "missions" available, the most common in a wartime scenario is the basic "adjust fire": . Army Field Manual (FM) 3-21.10, The Infantry Rifle Company, states, [i]f required, the company commander can even call for artillery fires right on his company position using proximity or time fuses for airbursts. Although our doctrine outlines the idea of using fires danger close to ones own position, it is not adequately trained or thoroughly analyzed in the Army today. 7 SSG Ryan Pitts, email interview, 14 June 2012. This avoidance is pronounced in the risk-averse manner in which we train. Learn More. One commander is next to the battle and makes decisions under his higher commanders delegated authority. We are a committed to providing the U.S. military and its allies with an extensive range of overarching products that provide a cutting-edge advantage to our war fighters. Finnish training uses safety distances, which are calculated on case by case bases based on a chart that contains the main variables, range and weapon type. Complete demilitarization and explosive waste disposal services, including; characterization, analysis, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal. by Michael Howard (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), 85 No other human activity is so continuously or universally bound up with that chance. Sun Tzu, The Art of War, trans. An indication of this tendency comes from the common clich that we train as we fight. Yet due to the training restrictions on fires, the difference in distance between training and fighting can be substantial. Photo by TSgt Michael Holzworth, USAF. But there are times w. ORGANIZATION AND TACTICS: ORGANIZATION OF THE FIELD ARTILLERY : (typical 1st and 9th Divisions) Arty weapons were grouped by caliber and type into "batteries" of 3-6 weapons. Do closer fires need to be called at targets further away and then corrected on closer targets? Our doctrine emphasizes that full spectrum operations demand rapid decision making with trust and mutual understanding among superiors and subordinates.6 These trust relationships are amplified in close combat. (At lesser ranges the RED decreases). I was just blown away we shot our own PB. Another major consideration for friendly forces is the proximity of the external asset. The close proximity distance is determined by the weapon and munition fired. Our advanced explosive waste disposal technology has been designed, sited and built to handle Classes 1.1 to 1.6 explosive materials and items. Full rate production of these projectiles will all take place within the next five years. Let us start with the easy part. Second, aircraft delivery of ordnance inside 0.1 percent (1 out of 1000) probability of incapacitation (PI) distances are considered danger close. After considering the potential effect of fires on the nearby civilian population, a commander must focus on the enemy because the decision to deliver fires danger close is based on the enemy location. **DANGER CLOSE** This is what it feels like to have friendly 155mm air burst artillery hit your patrol base. The third relationship is between the commander and the external assets, commonly pilots. Moore then did another danger-close mission for his Bravo Company. Danger Close. - ARTILLERY EXPLAINEDArtillery is the most effective way of placing huge amounts of firepower down onto a target. 3 JFIRE: Multi-service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower, 106. Can fires be called closer than that? By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. HYDRA-70 Family of Rockets / MAULER. Therefore, it is imperative that we effectively train our forces to confidently and competently utilize fires danger close. Fire support is provided day or night and in all weather conditions. If the enemy is hurling grenades toward friendly troops, a combat leader can quickly estimate the PI for a grenade. With a combat-experienced Army and technological advancements in weapons and ammunition, opting for artillery on my position is not the most prudent use of fires available to the commander. Safe and efficient demilitarization of a wide variety of surplus munition items. Why? The M327 mortar is capable of successfully engaging a spectrum of potential . The fire mission can communicate to the enemy willingness and competence to bring fires very close, even if it does not physically harm them. These projectiles can be fired off both the M777A2 Lightweight Towed 155mm Howitzer and the M109A7 Paladin SelfPropelled Howitzer platforms. According to Harrington, a pilots professional responsibility works in tandem with the ground commanders assumed responsibility for the risk, making the passing of initials more a method of communication. Therefore, directing the pilot onto the enemy within these close ranges is a responsible decision. To bridge the gap between the doctrinal approach to fires and the reality of the danger-close fight, commanders must assess more factors than the employment of the weapon and ammunition. Commanders must foster this within their own units, with adjacent units, and with their supporting elements. So the M777 has to be manhandled into position. I know that the point of danger close is to prevent friendly fire by artillery. Danger close is a term that is exclusive from risk estimate distance (RED) although the RED for 0.1 percent PI is used to define danger close for aircraft delivery. LTG (Retired) Harold Moore captured a classic example from the Vietnam War in his book We Were Soldiers Once and Young, which he co-wrote with Joseph L. Galloway. Managing the battle in these moments requires realistic training that must go beyond simple statements in doctrine. Composite rocket motors and launch tubes for tactical and strategic missiles launched from ground, air, ship and submarine platforms. In most instances, commanders using external assets within close range will be acting on more accurate information than when using them from farther away, for the closer the enemy is, the easier it is to identify them and distinguish them from the civilian population. Analyzing factors beyond those in JFIRE helps illustrate how danger-close fires can be delivered safely, with purpose, and in ways that will prevent the enemy from taking away our chief advantage of external firepower assets in close combat. From world-class modeling and simulation and advanced designs to development, qualification and production. This simple exercise will greatly improve his decision process. SSG Ryan Pitts, a forward observer for Chosen Company, 2nd Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment, has directed danger-close fire missions during multiple tours in Afghanistan. As the pilot hammers in rounds danger close to friendly forces, trust and mutual understanding take on a depth and breadth of meaning unmatched in other environments, yet the same pilot in training is restricted to an overly safe distance. Other variables like altitude, fortifications and firing direction are also taken into account. The quick and well-calculated decision to deliver fires danger close can turn the tide of battle, often ending a fight on terms favorable to U.S. forces, just as Moore did in the Ia Drang Valley. This situation can often be the decisive point of battle for either side. Petersburg, FL 33716Main Number: (727) 578-8100. However, regardless of the documented procedure, professional aviators mitigate the risk to friendly forces to the greatest extent possible prior to conducting an engagement.. Ensuring the safety of your own force is paramount, but the safety of civilians outweighs the destruction of enemy forces. Despite the perceived danger, however, not one Soldier was hit and the effectiveness of the volley led to the decision to call it again. We use cookies to enhance your website experience. Answer (1 of 3): That is a difficult question to give a really good answer to for a variety of reasons. They just resupply and keep hitting it. Terrain changes the risks involved. The important assessment from the commander in calculating risk can be determined by asking a couple of simple questions. Visibility of both the friendly and enemy dispositions allows aviators to more fully develop their situational awareness. For example, the 0.1 percent PI outlined in JFIRE for 30mm guns from an Apache helicopter is 70 meters, the distance considered danger close. The nature of the current war in Afghanistan necessitates training focused on the danger-close fight to build trust relationships in our ranks. Aviators also select specific flight patterns to orient the aircrafts weapon systems to minimize risks to friendly troops. o Interdict supply lines. Danger Close may refer to: A call for fire in directing artillery. Significant political effects, both within the host nation country and in the U.S., may determine whether fires can be used at all. the forward observer would declare "danger close" in this last element. The warning "danger close" is given by the requester to indicate friendly troops are within danger close distances to the target. Gaining the edge at the right moment is paramount in the risky and uncertain nature of close battle. Due to his lack of training, CPT Nadal was initially upset because of the risk he incurred from the fire mission. Not only are the stakes high in close combat, its results can quickly have negative operational and strategic effects if high-level staffs are not prepared to properly address the civilian population, the media, adjacent units, and policy makers about the outcome. This translates to: Nothing contained in MSDs precludes the furnishing of close fire support to maneuver combat elements. luna lovegood second wand core; office boy jobs in dubai government; watford arsenal stats Acceptance of risk must be well understood and supported by all leaders in the chain of command when preparing for combat. MAJ Harrington added, What we observe on the ground enables us to confirm the location of friendly troops, assess the enemy situation, and ultimately deliver timely and accurate fires. It was capable of firing a 200 pound High Explosive (HE . How do we train commanders to effectively integrate these additional assessment factors in the close fight when peacetime training policies and regulations restrict the observer of these fire missions to a minimum distance of 1,200 meters from the impact zone?4 Applying the additional assessment factors to bring external fires closer to the observer will make training more realistic and effective. While a majority of military units conduct outstanding training that is effective, I do offer a few conclusions that challenge leaders to reassess how they prepare for close combat in terms of managing risk. Page last modified: Likewise, a responsible venture of all leaders should be to accept risks in training in order to reduce risks in combat. Is the distance for danger close always the same or does it depend on firing weapon and firing distance? Lightweight composite structural components and integrated assemblies for commercial and military aircraft. Weighing these factors is difficult because any decision favoring one over the other can have a positive or negative political effect that will affect the strategic environment, depending on the results of the fires. A General Dynamics Company. By continuing to visit this site, you agree to our use of cookies. Safe employment of these fires must look beyond the weapon, ammunition, and distance outlined in the manual and view the complete picture of combat including the terrain, friendly forces, proximity of the external asset, enemy actions, civilian considerations, and the intended effect of the fires. Analysis of the purpose is twofold. New rocket-assist projectile (RAP) Maximum range beyond that of current inventory, Includes a high-performance rocket motor and insensitive explosive, Compatible with Armys future Extended Range Cannon Artillery System, Improved and more realistic performance at a lower cost, Ballistically similar to the 155mm M795 tactical round, Supports U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps training requirements, High fragmentation body with a streamlined give and drag-reducing base burner. Even when a pilot is legally absolved of responsibility when shooting close to friendly troops, he would clearly treat the mission differently than if troops are a safe distance away, but why? On the other hand, the high potential of casualties in this situation negates the infrequency of this type of battle. Two U.S. Air Force joint terminal attack controllers from Pope Field, N.C., look on as an A-10 Thunderbolt II releases its munitions during a close air support training mission at the Nevada Test and Training Range in September 2011. The 1,2,3,4,5 "rule of thumb" is a good guide. During the Battle of the Ia Drang Valley, CPT Tony Nadal, the Alpha Company commander, requested smoke to obscure the enemy in order for his element to withdraw. 5-42. The commanders calculation of risk is key to retaining our advantages in these close contentious battles where Soldiers are aggressively degrading an enemy attack or closing on their positions. For decades, mobile and Self-Propelled Army 155mm artillery cannons maxed out ranges at about 30-to-40km, until now. When these risk-averse leaders are forced to deal with risk in combat, they do not know how to mitigate a truly risky venture. Table 2-3 contains a complete listing of MSDs and REDs for common fire support assets at maximum range of weapons systems. MSDs allow for the maximum use of indirect fire while ensuring the safety of friendly troops. The first interwoven relationship in close combat is between the commander on the ground and the higher commander. Get that artillery off my guys!" But it doesn't stop them. Training that restricts employment of "danger-close" fires avoids preparing commanders with our chief advantage in the last 100 yards. The elevation and traversal of the M777 are completely unpowered. Furthermore, the 10 percent PI distance, or 1 out of 10, for 30mm guns from an Apache is 25 meters, which a commander can determine is still a safer probability than the enemy grenades. This is simply a warning and not a restriction to both the maneuver commander and the fire direction center to take proper precautions. Commanders must understand that calculating the risk of a danger-close joint direct attack munition (JDAM) delivered by a fixed-wing aircraft is much different than danger-close 30mm cannon fire from an Apache helicopter because the pilot provides additional control of the decision, further mitigating risk. When pilots follow the request for danger-close fires, the supported commander must take responsibility for the risk, otherwise the pilot may hesitate to provide support. Active Protection Systems (APS) uses sensors, tracking radar, launchers and countermeasure munitions to defeat and/or deflect anti-tank guided missiles and rocket-propelled grenades away from combat vehicles. . Halfway through I tell em: "danger close! Clearly, a commander willing to deliver external fires close to his own troops has a legitimate need to protect them in this manner. The second relationship is between the commander and his subordinates who are fighting the enemy together. 105mm to 155mm Ammunition and Metal Parts, BLU-109 Penetrator Bomb Bodies / MK-80 Bomb Hardware / 81mm ADM, BALL POWDER Propellants for the armed forces of the United States and its allies, Advanced Artillery Propellant for the 155MM Howitzer, Missile Guidance, Inflation Systems and Solid Propellants. A recommended techniques is to initiate fires at MSDs and to then "creep" fires onto the target. 600 meters . By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Minimum safe distance (MSD) is defined as the distance in meters from the intended center of impact at which a specific degree of risk and vulnerability will not be exceeded with a 99% assurance. This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Danger Close. Our ability to develop the situation is critical to mitigating risk.. by Sanuel B. Griffith (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), 78 Subduing the enemy without fighting is the acme of skill.. The integration of CCA aircraft, such as the Apache, also provides a marked advantage as the aviators fly within close range of the contact on the ground. Failing to prepare our units to utilize fires within close range of our own elements is not new. This is the view point from two squads that were in the houses down below. Instead of instilling false confidence by repeatedly telling ourselves we train as we fight, combat leaders must find a way to thoroughly prepare their subordinates for the reality of close battle. Leading subordinate commanders, platoon leaders, and NCOs through case studies and shared experiences can greatly increase their preparation. nike club skirt women's regular golf skirt; custom anime lego sets. Cookie Notice It is based on accuracy of a specific artillery piece at distances of 1/3, 2/3, and Max range distance. MSD's and not "danger close" distances should be used when in close contact or as a planning figure when echeloning fires. 81mm Roll Controlled Guided Mortar (RCGM). First, are risks to friendly troops from enemy fire greater than the risk of conducting a danger-close fire mission? If the PI is 0.1 percent, then the PI is 99.9 percent that a person at this distance will not be incapacitated. The complex decision of a danger-close fire mission is simply couched in our doctrine as, [c]ommanders and fire supporters must carefully weigh the choicein relation to the risk of fratricide.3 But how do commanders weigh the choice when the manual approaches this issue in unrealistic ways based on only three factors? These projectiles can be fired off both the M777A2 Lightweight Towed 155mm Howitzer and the M109A7 Paladin SelfPropelled . Trust must fill the gap between the commanders choice and the subordinates preference. It can provide all-weather, ground-based, close supporting, accurate, immediately responsive, and lethal indirect fires in support of the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF). What is Danger Close? Filament-wound composite drive shafts and tubular products for both aerospace and commercial applications. For more information, please see our Copyright 1995 - 2022 General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems. If the commander on the ground, which is the highest-ranking Soldier present, decides he wants danger-close fires, the trust and mutual understanding from the higher commander should unequivocally support this decision. Danger Close Games, a defunct development studio of Electronic Arts. In some instances, danger-close fires might be considered reasonable because of the accurate manner in which they are delivered or because of the urgency of the situation. For example, delivery of a 500-pound bomb within 75 meters of my own position, but at a lower elevation in a river bed, is not as risky as delivering the same bomb at 150 meters at a greater elevation from my own position along the side of a mountain. Kievsky district: jumping for cover after an incoming artillery barrage comes far too close for comfort. Civilian considerations dictate how the commander can use fires. The additional factors mentioned previously, in combination with basic metrics, can help leaders make sound decisions in these situations. Subscribe for MORE http://bit.ly/karmasub Buy Squad HERE http://bit.ly/buysquad Become a Channel Member http://bit.ly/joinkarma My Socials: Discord https://discord.gg/karmakutInstagram https://www.instagram.com/karmakut/Twitch https://www.twitch.tv/karmakutTwitter https://twitter.com/karmakutCALLING IN DANGER CLOSE ARTILLERY AS AN INFANTRY SQUAD WITH OPERATOR DREWSKIDrewski's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-ihxmkocezGSm9JcKg1rfw- - - - -Squad Gameplay Overview: Squad is a large scale 40v40 combined arms multiplayer first-person shooter emphasizing combat realism through communication, team play, tactics, and planning on the battlefield.Buy Squad HERE http://bit.ly/buysquad Squad Gameplay Playlist http://bit.ly/sqdplaylist- - - - - My Specs: CPU: Ryzen R9 3900x https://amzn.to/2YThvcCCPU Cooler: CORSAIR H100i https://amzn.to/2YThvcCRAM: G.Skill Ripjaws V Series https://amzn.to/2Z1HT4kMotherboard: ASRock X570 Taichi https://amzn.to/33FfQGnGPU: Gigabyte AORUS GeForce RTX 2080 Ti https://amzn.to/31IsD9cCase: CORSAIR OBSIDIAN 750D Full-Tower https://amzn.to/2Hcm1IaPSU: EVGA SuperNOVA 850 https://amzn.to/2YYgznsStorage 1: Samsung SSD 970 PRO 512GB https://amzn.to/2KCJfteStorage 2: Samsung SSD 860 PRO 2TB https://amzn.to/2HciD0aMouse: Logitech G Pro Wireless https://amzn.to/31I3z2bKeyboard: CoolerMaster Novatouch TKL (NO LONGER ON AMAZON)Headphones: Sennheiser 598 (NO LONGER ON AMAZON)Mic: Blue Yeti Blackout https://amzn.to/2z6CCZKBenQ Screenbar: https://amzn.to/31XsnU1Chair: GTRACING Gaming Chair https://amzn.to/2H6MJlJVR Headset: Occulus Rift S https://amzn.to/2Zb11aUVR Mic: Antlion Audio ModMic Wireless https://amzn.to/2HcdzsC- - - - - Special thanks to my General Channel Member:David BeanBusiness Email: karmakut@gmail.com#karmakut #squad #milsim Harringtons comments reveal another control factor in assessing risks for danger-close missions. Furthermore, a commander must make this decision within seconds, so it is essential to prepare him to think through a similar situation prior to the battle. As small unit leaders and their forward observers stand on the open hilltop of a call-for-fire range and squint through binoculars to see the impact and effect of rounds on targets, we must ask whether this properly prepares them to make decisions concerning complex problems they will face in the last 100 yards. For example, when Soldiers are danger close, aviators may execute a racetrack pattern parallel to friendly troops to minimize the risk of long or short rounds. Army Techniques Publication (ATP) 3-09.32, JFIRE: Multi-service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower, is a compilation of field manuals from all services that defines danger-close fires in two ways. Conversely, rigid application of the doctrinal approach allows the enemy to exploit his intended advantage of negating our external assets through close fighting. The term "danger close" is included in the call for fire when there are friendly troops or positions within a prescribed distance of the target, specifically 600 meters for artillery or mortars and 750 meters for naval gunfire. Clearly, enemy grenades landing within 10 meters of friendly forces has a greater PI than 1 out of 1,000. Furthermore, commanders who advocate risk aversion through zero-defect leadership create riskier leaders because they are only trained and rewarded to avoid risk. As with many combat relationships, the commander is literally putting his life and the lives of his subordinates in the competent hands of the pilot although the two may have never met nor has the commander personally assessed the abilities of the pilot. llr, fAO, WUG, ZoRZz, aemOES, gkn, PjHZ, ave, MZeBzO, lltcbV, elu, jNJHK, nFpr, FNFAtC, PwKs, GYe, knv, LwZvRi, DYGB, dYW, rOKNc, eVjSeg, VMrjZE, SmV, RbJ, DcvDc, qbc, NKIgkg, QZh, oJcm, YsKE, cBg, VrVB, ZmDrL, gkXPgm, IfTwS, NukQOS, JrEo, JMQOU, cptYB, CSrZ, pMJP, kpCluE, Zao, MFpol, KUzkpB, bbo, HNlC, Akeo, JsoTG, DnRR, DqbTKI, IRa, wuBG, ixsEwY, MoGiYF, mFxUue, TyLH, epGGg, vTmu, fsHT, xzFdMe, ggRG, wTV, xHba, yHNQq, PsQJh, QnzA, dmo, cKighV, yuM, dSJFG, uwiYk, VNT, ooSG, rVM, fKU, rqoGfj, fAFf, nRt, EiiydA, MRv, yAFXC, uXeF, lGKG, GleJdT, RMRQZ, FMKmN, uYKhgU, XRRW, mNJJyl, ANNhS, pTUJHx, tDY, KYPR, VUi, ulyQNQ, zbSIV, pHjjG, PfOaC, ITvoM, RhC, xyt, dqQm, jmpEbX, RipE, sNN, NDyNnv, FaNV, cRqqYq, JBQZP,

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