the global silver trade potosi was controlled by the

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The featured graphic is of a Manila Spanish Galleon. The contingent from Chucuito was only part of the 40,000 indigenous peoples encamped at the foot of the Serro Rico or travelling to and from the high plateau to meet their Labor obligations. Between the 14th and 18th centuries, the Chinese monetary system experienced a range of conclusive reforms. . The silver ore was loosened by hammers, picks and crowbars, and carried in hide sacks, weighing 100 pounds a time, to the surface. <>/Font<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 22 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Nombre de Dios was a fever ridden location, difficult to defend, and tended to be occupied only at the time of the arrival of the fleets. Port of Melbourne Stays Afloat Through Peak Season; The NJBAC Wants to Make Sure Your Business is Prepared for Disasters Amid Rising Weather Trends ", Irigoin, Alejandra. The discovery of large amounts of silver throughout the New world in the Andes and Mexico contributed to the global silver trade. To service their trade routes, daft animals were required in vast numbers, llamas, and oxen, as well as specialized muleteers. The Potosi P had become a synonym for poison. The crown officials included the treasurer, assayer, smelter, master of weights and measures, and the bailiff. [10] Major outposts for the silver trade were located in Southeast Asian countries, such as the Spanish Philippines. Mercury was essential to the processing of silver ore and was imported from the Almaden mines in La Mancha in Spain. vQ]. [15] By the nature of their geography, China had no real amount of precious metals of their own to back the paper money they invented. Mercury from Huancavelica was carried by llama and mule to the east at Chincha, shipped by Galleons to Arequipa, and then transported overland to Potosi. Silver was in great demand in India and China. In return came a diversity of European goods: wines, almost all from the Seville region, Andalucian olive oil and raisins, as well as the cloth of Castile and Flanders, paper and books. From Lima, Arequipa, and Huancavelica, routes linked Cuzco and Potosi, crossed the Andes, Chaco, and Pampas to Buenos Aires. Sp. Using stamp mills, powered by mules or water wheels, the silver ore was crushed to gravel then smelted in blast furnaces with lead and lead oxide. Professor Maxwell's Assistant Lucas Bertolo at the Potosi mines in November 2020. Portugal regained its independence from Spain in 1640 and with the assistance of the virulently anti-Catholic English Republic of Oliver Cromwell and of the English Fleet under the Parliamentarian Admiral Blake. The hardest tasks smelting coin metal, cutting and preparing coin blanks for stamping was carried out by drafted Andeans and enslaved Africans. stream In fact, getting to Manila from New Spain was a far easier and shorter voyage than getting to Peru from New Spain (Mexico). 6000 such furnaces (guayra), set on pedestals to capture the wind, covered the hills around Potosi during the early years burning wood, charcoals, and llama dung. ), rise of BEIC & VOC c. 1600 led to increased volume of European-Asian trade, including silver, which was shipped from Europe Asia by way of S. Africa route, galleons were prime target for pirates; European rivals attacked ships for profit, most famous: Br. He ended the chaotic situation of the first decades of Spanish dominion. The cerro rico is from the Pedro de Cieza de Leon illustration of 1553, Smelting silver at Potosi. [17] There are not many records of the amount of silver which crossed the Pacific due to it being discouraged by the Spanish monarchy, so estimates highly vary. communities to send 1/7 of adult pop. [41], Global silver trade from the 16th to 19th centuries, Yangwen Zheng, "The Social Life of Opium in China, 1483-1999", Portuguese routes which primarily focused on spices. The silver trade was the first global trade network and it dominated for thousands of years.Unlike the trade during the southernization time period, the silver trade included the newly discovered Americas. endobj Native Peruvians from hundreds of miles away were forced to travel to Potos to labour in the mines, then given the back-breaking task of carrying the daily quota of 25 bags of silver ore, each. The most famous image of the Cerro Rico came from the much-copied 1553 woodcut illustration published in the Crnica del Peru by Pedro de Cieza de Leon. the Americas and China. The French and English resorted to privateering attacking the silver laden ships or the ports where the bullion was loaded in the Gulf of Mexico (Vera Cruz) or the Caribbean (Nombre de Dios). [9] In exchange for silver, China would provide Japan with silk and gold. "Born with a 'silver spoon': The origin of world trade in 1571. 4 0 obj Between 1550 and 1650 ships from Mexico and the isthmus of Panama converged on Havana where they took on water and supplies for the transatlantic voyage to Spain. At the Santa Barbara mine in Huancavelica (opened in 1564) 3,280 Mita workers by 1577 were drafted in rotation to labor in the deadly mercury mine. In the Americas, silver mining at Potos led to the deaths of eight million Indians. The silver bars were brought to the mint from the Royal treasury office next door where the Royal Fifth was paid. The global silver trade in the sixteenth century impersonated a fundamental part in global price inflation, the rise and fall of Spain, the emergence of Japan, the birth of the Pacific Rim economy, and a host of other structural developments. [26] Under the Ming and Qing empires, China hoarded silver to boost its economy and increase its trading power. The repossessing plants were called haciendas de minas and were substantial establishments containing the stamp mill and incorporating the residence of the mine owner, his houses of workers and their families, as well as a chapel, stables for mules and horses, machinery sheds, and store houses. 1590) Boxer Codex, Lilly Library, Indiana University. Mercury was the one of the highest costs of production for the Americas, since much of it had to be shipped[11] from Almadn in Spain. These were the famous silver prices of eight worth eight reales, stamped with the coat of arms of the Habsburg Monarchy and a Greek cross with Lions and Castles, and with the P for Potosi. Sixteen Andean provinces were designated to provide a labor pool for Potosi at any given time. Click here to read the rest of the chapter and others at the South China Morning Post. Between 1576 and 1600 two-thirds of all mercury consumed in Spanish America came from the Peruvian mine. Hardware had to be imported from Spain: Ironware, nails, horseshoes, machetes, pickaxes, hinges, locks. This is [23] The Ming attempted to produce copper coins as a new form of currency, but production was inconsistent. % <> Never before had any good been so zealously sought after or acquired. Empire in Americas & Asia; strong Catholic faith influenced his policies, the massive influx of silver into the world market decreased its value, leading to inflation (over time, the same amount of silver would buy fewer goods), silver coins created from silver mines of Sp. Although precious metals composed the highest percentage of the value of cargoes from the New World. China had an appetite for silver The annual production being about 300,000 lbs. The toll of death, disease and flight, meant that not all the miners at Potosi were Mitayos. Iron from northern Spain was essential to mining. Since rain was unpredictable at Potosi, the Spanish viceroy of Peru, Francisco de Toledo decided to construct in the nearby Kari mountain full scale reservoirs linked by canals and aqueducts to Potos, a huge public works projects completed by thousands of Andean indigenous draftees. [11] The richest and most productive mine in the Americas was that of Potos then located within the Viceroyalty of Peru, in what is now modern day Bolivia. B) Much of the world's silver supply ended up in China or other parts of Asia. Silicosis and pneumonia were common in underground workers. mandatory labor quotas as part of mita & repartamiento pop. The dramatic rise in Spanish American silver production in the 1570s was the result of the adoption at Potosi of the patio process of amalgamation of silver ores with mercury which produced a quadrupling of silver export from Peru in the ten years between 1576-1585. Although initially the global silver trade was motivated by the discovery of new sources of silver, ultimately it was Chinese demand that sustained it during 1550-1800. bachelor thesis: Organization of the Global Silver Trade in the 16th and 17th century: control and power, risks, and profits in networks December 2018 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.23817.70242 Luis de Campoche claimed that the roads of Peru were so covered with people that it seemed that the whole kingdom was on the move. Global Silver Trade Part I: Map skills: answer the following question by analyzing the two world maps. 2 0 obj towns & ships, European economic theory arguing a country should acquire colonies for raw materials & export more goods than importing increased rivalries & imperialism. Competition to Spanish domination arose from the Protestant Dutch and from the French and from the English in Europe and in Asia and in the Americas. After 1597 it became necessary to mine underground and the deterioration of working conditions was rapid. [24] In the 1640s, the bimetallic ratios in China converged with the rest of the world, before experiencing another population boom. [11] In Bolivia's mines, the mit'a system was a dominant form of native labor subjection, although waged laborers worked on the mines as well. Hispanic Society of America, Ottoman illustration of the Cerro Rica of Potosi from Tarih-l Hind-l. Carbi, manuscript, ca 1582, The Newberry Library, Chicago, Dams at Potosi. He was impressed by its market value but more intrigued with the way this single item of commerce brought together new and old worlds i.e. ", Flynn, Dennis O., and Arturo Girldez. African slaves from Angola were imported clandestinely via Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires. "The Paradoxical Effect of Silver in the Economies of Ming and Qing China: On the New Myth Created by the 'Global Economic View' of Andre Gunder Frank and Kenneth Pomeranz. The Europeans produced nothing in the way of manufactured goods than the Asians did not produce better weapons excluded. ". Coca Vendor, Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, ca. African Slaves were also sent by this route to Potos until 1622 when the Spanish crown insisted that all African slaves for the Spanish American pacific coast territories be sent via Panama (though the clandestine trade via Buenos Aires continued). The Viceroy Francisco lvares de Toledo who had fought the Ottoman Turks in Tunis and opposed the rise of Protestantism in Germany, and was a close to the court of the (now retired) emperor Charles V, had been sent to Peru by Philip ll. decline in native villages b/c of the high death toll from the silver mining process, grants of native Americans given to Spanish colonial overlords (encomenderos) for agricultural labor but also for "protection" and instruction in Christian faith, refining silver involved mixing crushed rock containing silver w/ poisonous substance like mercury or lead, which led to illness for laborers and eventual death. As the saying went: No peace beyond the line. The Spaniards in response instituted a system of armed convoys. These officials were Spanish born and were required to sign an oath to behave honestly and they were bonded by leading Potosi households. Potosi acted as a magnet for produce and manufactured goods from all over South America and beyond. This meant that royal officials were not solely interested in accumulating silver for Spain's economy, but rather, they also had a vested interest in developing the economies of their specific localities. It is well worth it for some great weekend reading. Europe was middle men of silverv. Silk was popular, both in its raw form and finely embroidered, as was porcelain, diamonds, pearls, ivory and wooden furniture. levied on mining of Am. Once discovered this route was followed by the galleons from Manila for over 250 years. Silver was paramount to East Asia's introduction into the global trade market. East Indian Ocean and the Far East, Atlas: Ferno Vaz Dourado, 1571, Lisbon, Torre do Tombo, The Chineses Parian quarter in Manila. In 1565 a direct round-trip link was established across the Pacific Ocean from the Americas when the pilot monk, Andres de Urdaneta, found the long-sought return route from the Far East to Mexico. Chinese merchants in Manila, mainly from Fujian, lived in an intramuros area known as the Parian, and grew in number some 150 in 1564 to 30,000 in 1603. For the richest citizens, fresh fish arrived from the Pacific packed in ice. [37] As supplies of silver decreased in Europe, Europeans had less ability to purchase highly coveted Chinese goods. in, Girldez, Dennis O. Flynn-Arturo. 1504 that Sp. Within decades the miners reached the water table at 400 to 500 meters depth. In the 1630s debased Potosi silver bars with the Potosi mark were rejected by bankers on the money markets of Genoa and Antwerp. The demands of the mining community for supplies, food and labor were so great that it opened up a whole spectrum of profitable opportunities and provoked a series of regional and international repercussions. Silver and Global Commerce Before we read about the global silver trade, we will discuss this video. The number of vessels arriving in Nombre de Dios, ranged from 27.3 in the decade 1611-1620 to 20.0 in the decade 1681-1690. "The end of a silver era: the consequences of the breakdown of the Spanish peso standard in China and the United States, 1780s1850s. Historians posit Europeans would have been left out of world trade, and China may have fallen prey to conquest by settlers of the Americas, if not for Japanese silver mining. Andean caciques and kurakas (local indigenous head men) served as middlemen, fulfilling the labor quotas, responsible to Spanish magistrates (capitates de la Mita.) 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the global silver trade potosi was controlled by the